VI. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на употребление Participle I в функциях определения и обстоятельства. Подчеркните причастия I в английских предложениях и в переводе.

1. Constructing the Moscow underground the workers encountered many difficulties.

2. The locomotive hauling trains on mountainous railways usually operate on electric energy.

3. Having transmitters and receivers on the locomotives the driver is able to decrease and avoid the danger of train collisions.

4. Each railway station has at least two tracks, those for the incoming and outgoing trains.

5. Plastics being applied for the interior finishes of passenger cars greatly contribute to the reduction of maintenance costs.

VII. Образуйте Participle II от глаголов, данных в скобках. Полученные словосочетания переведите.

Model: a (to write) article – a written article – написанная статья.

1. (furnish) trains;

2. (increase) resistance;

3. (weigh) goods;

4. (burn) fuel;

5. (eliminate) danger;

6. (provide) temperature;

7. (develop) special-type cars;

8. (introduce) modern carriages;

9. an (insulate) body;

10)an (invent) locomotive

VIII. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на употребление Participle II в функциях определения и обстоятельства. Подчеркните причастия II в английских предложениях и в переводе.

1. When heated by sun, the rails become longer.

2. The first steam locomotive built by G. Stephenson could draw a small train of loaded cars at a speed of 13 miles per hour.

3. When invented, the steam engine started the industrial revolution.

4. The wagons with insulated walls, roofs and floors are known as the refrigerator cars.

5. The increased comfort made it possible for passengers to travel longer.

IX. Перепишите и переведите текст. Freight cars

Developments in freight car construction have closely paralleled the development of the locomotive. Here, too, improved engineering and operating methods have been applied year by year to the freight car, its parts, and its adaptability to the needs of traffic. The early freight car was a little larger than a box on wheels. It carried from one to three tons of freight, and its wheels were similar to the stagecoach of its day, with wooden spokes and tires of iron.

All modern rail equipment, freight and passenger, is fitted with air brakes of the latest type, automatic coupling devices, steel wheels and tires, and is of steel or steel underframe construction. Freight cars range from the flat car up to the highly specialized refrigerator car, with an average capacity close to 50 tons per car, and with a capacity of 70 to 100 tons or more in the case of larger coal and ore cars. Railway managers naturally prefer to use larger cars since freight can be hauled more cheaply in them. These cars are owned by the railways, except for those cars which belong to industrial companies or to subsidiaries of the railways.

X. Ответьте на вопросы в соответствии с содержанием текста.

1. What was the early freight car like?

2. What was its carrying capacity?

3. What is all modern railway equipment fitted with?

4. What is an average capacity of a modern car?

5. What cars do railway managers prefer?