2Nd round of voting held for new President.

Bahrain held a second round of voting Thursday in landmark elections for the kingdom’s first Parliament, with two women candidates.

Results from the last week’s first round of voting showed a mix of secularist and Islamic candidates. Six women were knocked out of the race last week, leaving two women candidates hopeful of winning seats.

Kuwait is the only other Arab nation with a Parliament in the gulf region, but women are excluded.

Task 6:

Give English equivalents of the following words and phrases.

Светские кандидаты; знаменательный /поворотный; получить место в парламенте; голосование; выборы в парламент; сойти с дистанции.

Task 7:

1) Why do you think the voting in Bahrain is called landmark elections?

2) What did the results of the first round show?

3) Are there any women candidates? Do you think it is typical for Islamic country?

4) What Gulf region countries do you know?

Task8:

Read the article and look up the meaning of unknown words in the dictionary.

Election veteran promises clean-up.

After a lifetime of trying, Deniz Baykal, one of Turkey’s veteran politicians, stands a chance of becoming the country’s next prime minister in Sunday’s general election.

Opinion polls put his Republican People’s party in second place after the pro- Islamic Justice and Development party.

Justice and Development party still enjoys a lead of at least 10 percentage points, but the last few days before the elections may be critical in attracting undecided voters who make up almost a quarter of the electorate.

Mr.Baykal needs to convince these voters that his party is best equipped to manage the economy and fight corruption. Indeed, his campaign promise to lift the immunity that has shielded members of parliament from corruption charges has proven very popular.

Task 9:

Give English equivalents of the following words and phrases. Reproduce the sentences from the article with them

Опрос общественного мнения; иметь шанс; управлять экономикой; не принявшие решения избиратели; опережать на 10%; обвинения в коррупции; иметь преимущество; бороться с коррупцией; составлять четверть электората.

Task 10:

Say if the following statements are true or false. Use the introductory phrases for agreement and disagreement.

Agreement: Yes, that’s right. It is absolutely correct.

Disagreement: No, that’s not true. I’m afraid. I’m sorry, I can’t agree with it

1) Deniz Baykal has no chance of winning the elections in Turkey.

2) According to the opinion polls his party takes the second place in the race.

3) Justice and Development Party enjoys the lead of about 30 per cent.

4) The number of undecided voters is very small, it is not more than 5%.

5) Mr.Baykal has to convince the undecided voters that his party will increase spending on social needs.

6) The campaign promise to lift immunity proved very popular.

Task 11:

Render the article in English.

Task12:

Translate the following texts into English using Translation Notes.

ТУРЦИЯ. В стране вчера прошли досрочные выборы в парламент страны. Выборы должны были состояться в 2015 году, однако были перенесены в связи с расколом в правительственной коалиции. Судя по опросам, наибольшие шансы на победу имеет недавно созданная Партия справедливости и развития.

США. Американский президент совершает поездку по южным штатам страны, чтобы поддержать кандидатов от Республиканской партии на предстоящих выборах в Конгресс. Одновременно пройдут выборы губернаторов 36 из 50 штатов.

Президент США подписал законопроект, направленный на усовершенствование избирательной системы США. Документ, одобренный ранее Конгрессом, должен исключить повторение ситуаций, когда путаница с подсчётом голосов поставила страну на грань политического кризиса. Новый закон получил название «Помощь Америке в голосовании» и предусматривает выделение 3,9млрд.долларов в бюджеты штатов. Деньги пойдут на замену устаревших машин для подсчёта результатов голосования, подготовку добровольцев, работающих на избирательных участках, и распространение информации о выборах. Новые компьютерные программы должны предотвратить возможные ошибки. Закон устанавливает единые базовые требования для 50 штатов.

Translation Notes

Were to be held

A bill

To bring the country to the point of

Task 13:

Read the article and look the meaning of unknown words and phrases in the dictionary.

Choosing the Nations President

Every four years Americans participate in a unique and exciting ritual – the selection of the nation’s President. The summer before the election, each of the major political parties holds a convention. Delegates from every state meet together to choose candidates for President and Vice-President and to determine the party’s program (or platform, as it is called).

The number of delegates from each state is determined by its population and its support for the party in previous elections. After routine formalities, convention business usually begins with creation and acceptance of a party platform. A platform is a very general statement of the party’s philosophy, goals, and position on issues of national and international concern. The next business of the convention is the nomination of prospective presidential candidates. When nominations are completed, votes are taken alphabetically by state. Several roll calls nay be necessary before one nominee wins the majority of votes needed to become the party’s candidate.

Once the presidential candidate is selected, his running mate (the vice-presidential candidate) must be chosen. Traditionally, a party’s presidential and vice-presidential candidates come from different sections of the country and have somewhat different political views. Thus, the party achieves what is called a balanced ticket, a combination of candidates that will appeal to many different blocks of voters.

Actual campaigning traditionally begins on Labor Day. From that time until Election Day, voters are bombarded from all sides – by radio, television, newspapers and personal communications – with political material. Each candidate tries to convince a majority of American voters that he is best qualified to lead the country for the next four years.

Because campaigning is extremely expensive and a candidate must receive a majority of electoral votes, presidential politics has, to a large extend, been limited to two major parties – the Democratic and Republican parties. A great number of votes are needed to win a national election. No candidates can hope to survive by appealing to one or two classes of voters. Each party has a familiar symbol: for Democrats it is a donkey, and for the Republicans – an elephant.

On the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November, voters cast their ballots for President and Vice-President. Some members of Congress and many state and local officials are also elected at this time. Thanks to voting machines and computers, Americans usually know the winners by late evening.

The President and Vice –President are not actually chosen by popular votes but by electoral votes. That is, the people vote for electors who are, as a group, known as the Electoral College. This group selects the President and Vice-President. When a citizen casts his vote for a presidential candidate, he is really choosing electors. Each elector is expected (although not obliged) to vote for the candidate who wins the majority of popular votes in his state. Thus, states with larger populations have more electoral votes. The candidate who receives a majority of the votes in a particular state rives all of that state’s electoral votes. It is, therefore, possible for a presidential candidate to win a majority of popular votes but not a majority of electoral votes, thereby losing the election. This can happen. If the opponent wins by small margins in states with many electoral votes and loses by large margins in states with few electoral votes. At least two presidential elections have been decided this way.

To be elected, candidates for President and Vice-President must receive a majority of votes in the Election College. If no candidate receives a majority, the House of Representatives chooses the President from the top three candidates, and the senate chooses the Vice –President from the top two candidates having the highest number of electoral votes.

The newly –elected President is inaugurated in January during a solemn, nationally – televised ceremony. He then moves into the White House, appoints members of his Cabinet, and begins the difficult task of trying to persuade Congress to help him fulfill his campaign promises.

Task 14:

Give Russian equivalents of the following words and phrases.

Party platform; to lose the election; to win the election; to cast one’s ballot; to lose by large margins; to win by small margins; to hold a convention; a balanced ticket; a running mate; to appeal to smb.; to choose by popular vote; nomination of prospective presidential candidates.

Task 15:

Read the article again and answer the questions using the active vocabulary

1) What is a party platform? Where is it determined?

2) Who is the running mate?

3) Why do presidential and vice-presidential candidates have a bit different political views?

4) Why do you think the list of candidates is limited to two major political parties?

5) When is the Election Day?

6) Is the president chosen by popular votes? What’s the Electoral College?

7) Is it possible for a president to win a majority of popular votes, but not a majority of electoral votes?

8) Compare the electoral systems of the USA and Russia. Are there any similarities? What are the differences?

Task 16:

Translate the following text into English.

Выборы президента республики

Предстоящие выборы президента республики станут главным событием года в Чехии. Таково мнение чешских политологов, о котором сообщает пражская печать. Преемник нынешнего президента займёт пост главы государства на ближайшие пять лет

Чешского президента избирает парламент на совместном заседании обеих палат. Предусмотрено три тура выборов. В первом туре победитель должен получить большинство голосов в обеих палатах от общего числа присутствующих на совместном заседании депутатов каждой из палат, в третьем туре достаточно заручиться поддержкой простого большинства голосов присутствующих на заседании парламента.

Task 17:

Read the article and look up the unknown words and phrases in the dictionary.

Republicans win Senate and hold the House

Republicans have swept to victory in midterm elections in United States, gaining control of the Senate. The Republicans captured high –profile Senate races from North Carolina to New Hampshire while winning governors’ races in what traditionally had been Democratic Party states. In Georgia, a little –known former state senator, Sonny P., upset the incumbent Democratic governor, Roy B.

The Republicans also solidified their hold on the House of Representatives. The results mean that a single party, the republicans, will once again control both houses of Congress and the White House. The party lost the Senate in June 2006, when Senator James J. of Vermont defected from it and became an independent, though mostly voting with the Democrats. “We made history tonight,” Representative Thomas D., chairman of the Republican Congressional Campaign committee, said as results came in late Tuesday. “It was a great win for the president of the United States.”

Norm C., a Republican, sent former Vice – President Walter Mondale back into political retirement after beating him in the Senate race in Minnesota. In a brief, emotional speech Wednesday morning, Mondale said he had “no regrets at all” over the campaign, which he described as “electric.”

The US president planned no public statements Wednesday on the election results. The Republicans emerged Wednesday with 51 Senate seats to the Democrats ‘46, with two races still awaiting final outcomes and an independent holding one seat. The democrats’ incumbent in South Dakota tentatively appeared to have won, but the margin of victory was so small – about 500 votes- that the Republicans challenger was seeking a recount. The Democratic incumbent in Louisiana fell a bit short of the 50 per cent margin needed to avoid a runoff election in December after running well ahead of three Republican challengers.

Meanwhile, the republicans won 227 House seats to the Democrats’203, with four races still undecided shortly before midday Wednesday and an independent holding one seat. The outcome of the balloting on Tuesday marked a break with historic patterns in which the party that controls the White House almost invariably lost seats in midterm congressional elections

The result signaled a major change in the way Washington does business, removing what president had repeatedly complained in recent days was democratic opposition that had prevented him from winning permanent tax cut and a homeland security bill.

In Maryland, Kathleen K., a Democrat and a daughter of Robert F. Kennedy, lost her bid for governor to Representative Robert E. Jr. - the first time a Republican was elected governor of the state since Spiro Agnew in 1996.

In Alabama, the governor’s race was thrown into chaos when both the Democratic incumbent Don S., and his Republican challenger, representative Bob R., claimed victory – a situation that most likely will take a court ruling to untangle. That predicament came about when election officials in Baldwin County, which is considered a Republican stronghold, initially showed Dons. With 19.070 votes but later cut that tally to 12.736 votes. That challenge, if allowed to stand, would put Bob R. ahead by 2.752 votes.

In California, the Democratic incumbent, Gray D., withstood an unexpectedly tough challenge from Bill S., a Republican, to win a second term

Democrats tried to put the best light on the outcomes, arguing that they had faced a tough task from the beginning because of Bush’s high approval rating and the financial advantage enjoyed by Republicans But the result was particularly distressing for the Democratic congressional leaders: Tom D., Senate majority leader, and Richard G., House minority leader. They are viewed as prospects for president.

“What you’ve got to look at is the incredible amount of special interest money that was on their side,” Richard G. said. “There were races where we were outspent 4 to 1,5 to 1. The pharmaceutical companies probably spent $60 million across the country.

A runoff election - это последний тур выборов, когда ни один из кандидатов не получил абсолютного большинства.

Task 18:

Give Russian equivalents of the following words and phrases

To sweep to victory; midterm elections; high profile; to solidify one’s hold on smth; to beat; an outcome; the margin of victory to be small; to fall short of the margin; a runoff election; to run well ahead of smb.; to prevent smb. From doing smth.;a nomination; to lose one’s bid for; to take a court ruling; incumbent; to put smb. ahead; to withstand; to win a second term; to put the best light on smth.

Task 19:

Give English equivalents of the following words and phrases.

Назначение; требуется судебное решение; выдержать; выдвинуть кого-либо вперёд; имеющий большое значение; быть ниже допустимого предела; результат; победа с небольшим преимуществом; мешать кому-либо что –либо делать; промежуточные выборы; потерпеть поражение на выборах на должность; укрепить свой контроль над чем-либо; победить; выиграть второй срок; приукрасить; одержать полную победу; действующий (губернатор); опережать.

Task 20:

Read the text again and finish the following statements.

1) The Republicans have swept to……..

2) The Republicans captured……

3) The Republicans also solidified…..

4) In South Dakota the margin of victory of the Democratic candidate was……

5) The Democratic candidate in Louisiana fells a bit short of…..

6) The outcome of the balloting Tuesday marked a break…..

7) Democratic opposition prevented president…..

8) Kathleen K., a democrat and a daughter of Robert F. Kennedy, lost her…….

9) In Alabama, the governor’s race was thrown into chaos so the situation most likely will take…..

10) In California, the Democratic candidate, Gray D., withstood…..

11) Democrats tried to put the best light on…..

Unit XIII.

Human Rights and Humanitarian Issues

Task 1:

Read the text and look up the unknown words and phrases in the dictionary

Systematic Violations of Women’s Rights in Afghanistan

Women in Afghanistan have suffered a catastrophic assault on their human rights during more than twenty years of war and under the repressive rule of the Taliban. Now, as women face further peril with the intensification of conflict following the September 11 attacks on the United States, the international community must take a firm commitment to support women’s human rights.

Throughout Afghanistan’s civil war, the major armed factions – primarily the Taliban and the United National Islamic Front for the Salvation of Afghanistan, a coalition of mainly Tajik, Uzbek, and ethnic Hazara parties – have repeatedly committed serious abuses of international human rights and humanitarian law. Women have borne the major part of this violence and discrimination. In the civil war, women have suffered massive and systematic human rights abuses.

Task2:

Give English equivalents of the following words and phrases

Опасность/риск; наступление; жестокое обращение; взять на себя обязательство/пообещать; международное сообщество; группировка; столкнуться с чем-либо; насилие; совершать

Task 3:

Read the article and answer the questions

1) What have women suffered in Afghanistan for more than 20 years?

2) What are the Afghan women facing now and why?

3) What commitments should the international community make? Why?

4) What abuses did the women suffer during the war?

5) Why do you think women have borne the major part of violence and discrimination?

Task 4:

Sri Lanka: 180,000 Refugees Return Home

For 19 years northern Sri Lanka was closed to the world as a civil conflict developed, claiming 64,000 lives and displacing more than 800,000 people. Last year, both sides declared a ceasefire, and prospects for peace grew. In January, the government lifted embargo against the north and in September the first round of formal peace talks was held in Bangkok.

Meanwhile, the displaced people began to return, voluntarily, to their former homes in the Vanni, the northern land controlled by the guerrilla army called the Tamil Tigers. By October, 180,000people had gone back. Relief activities began in Vanni for the first time in 19 years – giving food aid to farming families, orphans, traumatized children and war widows.

Task 5:

Give Russian equivalents of the following words and phrases.

To lift an embargo; displaced people; a ceasefire; a widow; guerilla army; relief activities; voluntarily; a prospect for.

Task 6:

Give English equivalents of the following words and phrases

Перемещённые лица; добровольно; снять эмбарго; прекращение огня; партизанская армия; действия по оказанию помощи; перспектива; вдова

Task 7:

Render the article in English using the active words and phrases.

Task 8:

Read the article and look up the unknown words and phrases

Afghanistan Delays Speedy Return of Refugees

Afghanistan’s interim government has delayed signing an agreement with Iran and the United Nations on the return of several hundred thousand refugees, just weeks before the scheduled start of a program of assisted repatriations.

However, the UN refugee agency says it is still hopeful that, with or without a former agreement, organized voluntary returns will begin next month. The three sides are proceeding on the basis that an estimated 400,000 Afghans could go back to their homeland from Iran within a year.

Relief workers suggested Kabul was concerned about the impact of a sudden influx of refugees, as well as Iran’s stated intention to deport Afghans who have refused to take part in its registration program.

Over the course of nearly two years, Iran has registered 2.35 million Afghans and estimates that several hundred thousand remain unregistered.

The representative of the UN High Commissioner for refugees (UNHCR)in Iran said that they were preparing transport and relief supplies for the returnees in coordination with the Afghan government. He added that he did not expect Iran to carry out mass expulsions.

More than 100,000 Afghans have already left Iran before the start of the UN-assisted program.

UN High Commissioner for Refugees –Верховный комиссар ООН по делам беженцев

Task 9:

Give English equivalents of the following words and phrases.

Выдворенные (из страны); приток беженцев; оценивать/предполагать; переходное/временное правительство; откладывать; помощь(беженцам); беженец; производить/выполнять; влияние

Task 10:

Read the article again and express your agreement or disagreement with the following statements

Agreement: Yes, you are right/ It’s OK. I agree/ yes, it’s true

Disagreement/ I’m afraid, you are not quite right./ No, I can’t agree with you./ I’m sorry, but that’s wrong.

1) Afghanistan has signed an agreement with Iran and the UN on the return of its refugees.

2) The UN refugee agency says the return will begin next month.

3) The three sides estimate that about 200,000 people will be able to return home within a year.

4) Kabul is concerned about the relief workers acting in the country.

5) All Afghans living in Iran have been registered.

6) Iran is going to carry out mass expulsions from the country.

Task 11:

Read the text and look up the unknown words in the dictionary.

Helping poor nations

The US president’s plan to add $5billion to the foreign aid budget shows that his administration is rethinking the importance of helping underdeveloped countries. Obviously, that is a good thing – not only because the money may ease the hopelessness that breeds terrorism. Foreign aid, well spent, will also liberate entrepreneurial energies, protect human rights and help millions achieve better lives.

The president’s vision, however, is larger than his financial commitments. He wants to spend the extra $5 billion over three years. Shamefully, America, once this world’s most generous aid giver, now gives less, relative to the size of its economy, than any other developed country, and much of what it does provide goes to military rather than humanitarian purposes. Many Americans have supported the retreat from foreign aid under the assumption that the money is wasted anyway. The president’s plan would use economic development funds as a reward for countries that agree to combat corruption, strengthen the rule of law, respect human rights and maintain open markets.

And after a decade in which foreign assistance spending remained virtually flat, this proposal marls a significant advance. A three-year rise of $5billion can do much good fighting AIDS and other infectious diseases, ridding of malnutrition, spreading computer literacy and helping Third World business to market their goods in the developed world.

Washington’s leadership cannot be reduced to a show of military might. This proposal could help lead America back towards its traditional role as a generous partner in spreading economic development.

Task12:

Give English equivalents of the following words and phrases

Компьютерная грамотность; зря тратить деньги: предпринимательская активность; развитая страна; страна с низким уровнем развития экономики; права человека; бороться с коррупцией; обязательства; иностранная помощь; СПИД; плохое питание; верховенство закона.

Task 13:

Answer the following questions.

1) What fact shows that US administration is rethinking the importance of helping poor countries?

2) What can money ease and what results can it bring if spent well?

3) Does the USA spend as much money on foreign aid as other developed countries?

4) Where does most of the American money go?

5) Why did many Americans support the retreat from foreign aid?

6) What countries will be rewarded from the economic development funds according to the president’s plan?

7) What can this $5 billion aid bring to the underdeveloped countries?

Task 14:

Questions for discussion.

1) Why do you think the US administration began rethinking the importance of helping poor nation?

2) Do you think developed countries should help underdeveloped ones? What kind of help should it be? What amount is appropriate to your mind?

3) Why do you think American aid goes mostly to military purposes but not humanitarian ones?

4) Why do you think Americans consider that foreign aid is wasted in the underdeveloped countries? Do you agree?

5) Do you agree with the author that the US leadership cannot be reduced to showing military might?

6) Do you agree that the US has traditionally been a generous partner in spreading economic development? Give reasons.

Task 15:

Civil and political rights, including the questions of freedom of expression.

Written statement submitted by the International League for the Rights and Liberation of Peoples (LIDLIP), a non-government organization in special consultative status.

The US Secretary – General has received the following written statement which is circulated in accordance with Economic and Social Council resolution 19996has received the following written statement which is circulated in accordance with Economic and Social Council resolution 1996/31.

Under this agenda item, the International League for Rights and Liberation of Peoples (LIDLIP) would like to bring before the Commission on Human Rights the case of the Pontians, living in the historic region of Pontos, from Sinope (Sinop) to Trapezous (Trabzon) now Turkey. Our concern is about the restrictions to their freedom of expression showing their cultural identity formed over thousands of years.

The presence of the Pontians is traced back in the 8^th century B.C., before the emergence of the Pontian Kingdom in the North Coast of Asia Minor. Indeed, Pontian culture roots are to be found in their history, notably during the classical era (with philosophers and historians such as Diogenes, Strabon, etc.) of the Hellenistic period and then in the Byzantine epoch.

After the Ottoman conquest in the middle of the 15^th century their living conditions, their unity and communal life as Christian people, were deeply affected by the system of the Ottoman power and administration, based on the distinction between Muslims and non-Mulims. In the 19^th century, due to the Ottoman – Russian wars, the Pontians were subjected to several exoduses. The systematic elimination of the Christian Ponians through mass murder and ethnic cleansing took place in the first quarter of the 20^th century.

The Pontians who could remain in Pontos had become Muslims or were compelled to islamization, thus escaping destruction and dispersion. It is known that the population exchange according to the Lausanne Treaty (1923) between Greece and Turkey was defined on the basis of religion and not on the basis of the ethnic identity of the population of both sides.

An ancient culture in jeopardy of survival

Even though the Islamized Pontians of Pontos were for decades deprived of the right to communicate with the Pontians of Greece and of the countries of the ex-Soviet Union, and even though they suffered, for decades, systematic policies of disarticulation of their communities, they continue to insist on their particular Pontian identity. “We are Pontians,”they declare still today. Especially in the last decades this sense of a particular identity is increasing and is being coupled with actions of intellectual and cultural enhancing. However, even careful attempts of the new Pontian intellectuals to express verbally or in writing the history, the cultural identity of this people, are facing harsh measures by the Turkish authorities. During the last years the lives of the Pontian intellectuals who dare to express their views are reliably reported to be threatened, some of them with death. This repression is accompanied by pseudo-scientific attempts to distort the three thousand year-old rich history of this people and of this area. The official discourse claims that this historic people are of Turkish descent. The Turkish Mass Media keeps uttering threats towards the Pontians who claim the right to keep contact with Pontians in Greece. Moreover, Pontian travelers from Greece during their visits ion Pontos, are subjected to strict control and surveillance by the Turkish authorities.

Repressive measures endanger language

It appears that a sizeable part of the islamized Pontians,especially the communities of Trapezous, Tonia, Ophe, Sourmena(Surmene), Matsouka (Macka) as well as those of the peripheral municipalities of Constantinople (Istanbul) have preserved intact their Pontian language. Thus, in those areas, the language which is known to be closest to the ancient Greek is kept alive. In fact, this language is today illegal in Pontos and in Turkey. Of course there is no school where the Pontians could learn, cultivate and develop their language. The existing schools are Turkish. The young Pontian boys and girls – especially those from the inland – due to the fact that their families cling to their own language and do not know Turkish, have their first contact with this language in the Turkish schools and are forced to learn it with harsh educational methods. It is reported that in the elementary schools there exist a network of young student-informers in charge of denouncing to their teachers the Pontian pupils speaking between themselves their own language, who are then taken up by their teachers or even the police with brutal methods of persuasion. In the high schools, the task of terrorization is apparently devoted to racist and fascist groups, like “Grey Wolves.” Those educational conditions exclude the Pontian students from the university and higher studies. Students of Pontian descent who try to express their Pontian conscience and culture through periodicals run a risk of being sentenced to jail by the Turkish authorities.

The Turkish state through policies stemming from its constitutional and legal framework together with its authoritarian structures, eliminates the words Pontos and Pontians, and represses individual and collective attempts of peaceful expression of the thought and conscience of the Pontian identity.

Expression of the Pontian culture must be saved

Describing this situation, the International League for the Rights and Liberation of Peoples (LIDLIP) would like to insist on the lack of freedom of expression of particular people, the Pontians in present-day Turkey. This situation ought to be known by the international community. Further, interventions towards its alleviation are a step for safeguarding a living culture which has enriched mankind.

Task 16:

Give English equivalents of the following words and phrases. Reproduce the sentences from the article with them

Ослабление; быть лишённым чего-либо; защищать; убрать(устранить); укреплять; наблюдение; нетронутый; жестокий; этническая чистка; рисковать; происхождение; быть приговорённым к ; подвергаться; жёсткая мера.

Task 17:

Read the article and answer the questions using the active vocabulary

1) What is the non-government organization LIDLIP concerned about?

2) When did the Pontian ethnic cleansing take place?

3) What rights are Pontians deprived of?

4) Has the sense of Pontians’ particular identity weakened recently?

5) What sort of measures do Turkish authorities take?

6) What attempts do pseudo-scientists and Mass Media take?

7) What are Pontian travelers from Greece subjected to?

8) What do students of Pontian descent run a risk of?

9) What measure is necessary to safeguard the Pontian culture according to LIDLIP?

Task 18:

Imagine that you work for LIDLIP and using the article make a formal report on the case of the Pontians at the UN Commission on Human Rights including the following:

1) A summary of the problems the Pontians face in Turkey today

2) Your proposals for the Turkish authorities and the international community to improve the situation

Task 19:

Comment on the quotation:

“Treat the enemy that has been conquered with courtesy and generosity.”(Kwan-Taze)

Task 20:

Topics for discussion

1).What do you know about the “Law of Geneva” and the” Law of the Hague”? Do you think these laws are still important? Give your grounds.

2).Why do you think some nations or leaders violate international humanitarian law?

3).What are the limits of international humanitarian law today?

4).What do you think may be done to improve the current international humanitarian law?

Task XIV.