Dialogue II

Т. Today we shall speak about runway configuration. What are the factors affecting the airfield layout?

S. To my mind, the runway configuration should provide adequate separation in the air traffic pattern.

And it should prevent any delay or interference in the landing and take-off operations.

One more thing should be mentioned. Runways and taxiways should be arranged so as to provide the sportiest taxiing distance from the terminal area to the runway take-off ends.

And vice versa: to shorten the taxiing distance for landings aircraft as much as possible.

T. Bight you are. What runway configurations can you name?

S. The airport can be equipped with a single runway or two parallel runways.

Sometimes parallel runways are staggered like in the picture. T. Quite right. This reduces taxiway distance to and from the terminal area, whenever one runway is used for landings and the other for take-offs.

S. At high-traffic-volume airports dual parallel runways are used.

T. That's correct and with all multirunway configurations it is desirable to locate the terminal area centrally. Some аirports have two or more runways in different directions, crossing each other or separated at the ends. They are called "intersecting" and "open V" (non-intersecting) runways. Look at the scheme below.

T. What does the scheme show?

S. The scheme shows various intersecting runway configurations with different location of intersection.

There is an open У runway configuration shown as well.

T. So where can the runways intersect?

S. They can intersect in the middle, at the far end or at the very ends.

T. Right. And wherever possible operations are away from the intersection.

S. In what case are different direction runways required?

S. I suppose the runway direction depends on the direction of the winds in the airport area.

Т. That's correct. But this is a separate problem of runway orientation, and we'll discuss it later.

Упражнение 18. Прослушайте, прочтите и переведите текст 2.

Text 2. Runway configuration

The runways and the taxiways are arranged so as: 1) to provide adequate separation in the air traffic pattern, 2) to cause the least interference and delay in the landing, taxiing and take-off operations, 3) to provide the shortest taxiing distance possible from the terminal area to the ends of the runways and provide adequate taxiways so that landing aircraft can leave the runways, as quickly as possible and follow routes as short as pos­sible to the terminal area.

The airport may be equipped with a single runway or parallel runways, that increase considerably the airport capacity. Sometimes parallel runways are staggered. This reduces taxiway dis­tances to and from the terminal area whenever one runway is used exclusively for landings and the other for take-offs.

At high-traffic-volume airports dual parallel runways are necessary. In this type of configuration the runways adjacent to the terminal area, rather than the outer runways, are designated for landing operations. This is done to prevent landing aircraft from crossing active runways for take offs.

The winds at some airports require runways in more than one direction. They either crose each other or are separated slight­ly at the ends. Such runways are referred to as "intersecting" and "non-intersecting" or "open V runways". With intersecting runway configurations it is preferable, from a capacity viewpoint, to have the runways intersect near the ends where take-offs and landings are initiated, rather than midway of their lengths. The principles in laying out the runways can be illustrated by using as actual examples several world airports. Thus, the runway at the Metropolitan, Oakland International Airport is an example of a single-runway layout. The Malsbroeck Airport in Brussels, Belgium, illustrates a parallel-runway configuration. The Marquetia Airport in Caracas, Venezuela, and Dulles International Airport in Washington, D.C., are examples of a staggered runway layout. The airport at Wichita, Kansas, illustrates an open V runway configuration. In all mentioned layouts the terminal area is located centrally.

Упражнение 19. Подберите эквиваленты к русским словосочета­ниям.

Схема расположения ВПП, помеха, задержка, путь руления, ос­вободить ВПП, параллельные ВПП, пропускная способность аэропорта, смещенные ВПП, объем перевозок, пересечение, смежный, пересекаю­щиеся ВПП, расходящиеся непересекающиеся ВПП, действующая ВПП.

(parallel runways; staggered runways; intersecting runways; acti­ve runway; runway configuration; runway layout; open V runways; interference; crossing/intersection; delay; traffic volume; to leave the runway/ to vacate the runway; adjacent; taxiing dis­tance / taxiway distance; airport capacity).

Упражнение 20. Найдите в тексте 2 десять "цепочек" слов с левыми определениями, выпишите и переведите их.

Упражнение 21. Подберите определения к существительным.

Runway, configuration, operation, distance, capacity, air­port, aircraft, area.

(single, parallel, open V, staggered, intersecting, runway, landing, taxiing, take-off, adequate, high-volume-traffic, busy, adjacent, outer, active, terminal, safe).

Упражнение 22. Образуйте глагольные сочетания с глаголами

to equip with, to depend on, to designate for, to serve for

(air-traffic volume, taxiing distance, single runway, landing, take-off, taxiing operations, wind direction, runway configura­tion, adequate taxiways, parallel runways, intersecting runways, navigation facilities).

Упражнение 23. Поставьте вопросы к выделенным словам.

Помните, что с предлога начинать вопросительное предложение не рекомендуется.

1. The airport is equipped with a single runway. (What ... with?)

2. Staggered runways reduce taxiwav distance to and from the ter­minal area.

3. At high-traffic-volume airports dual parallel runways are ne­cessary.

4. The runways adjacent to the terminal area are designated for landing operations.

5. This prevents landing aircraft from crossing the active run­ways for take-offs.

6. The runway configuration depends on the direction of the winds in the airport area.

7. The runways separated slightly at the ends are referred to as the "open V runways".

8. Thе principles of runway laying out are illustrated by the actual examples of World airports.

Упражнение 24. Ответьте на вопросы к тексту 2.

1. What are the main principles of runway and taxiway arrangement?

2. What runway configurations are generally used?

3. Which of those runway configurations is the most efficient? Why?

4. What does the runway direction depend on?

5. Which of the runways in multirunway configuration is preferably used for landing operations? Why?

6. Where is the terminal area usually located in relation to the runways?

7. What World airports can serve as actual examples of different runway configurations?

Упражнение 25. Составьте подробный план пересказа текста 2.

Упражнение 26. Из текста 2 выпишите два примера сравнительных конструкций c парным союзом аs ... аs possible. Переведите их.

Упражнение 27. Переведите письменно текст 3, обращая особое внимание на перевод сравнительных конструкций.