1.Прочтите и переведите на русский язык
HOW TO STOP THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT
No one has yet developed the solution to the greenhouse effect – the sources of pollution are widespread, ranging from transport to electricity to gas to oil to agriculture to deforestation; and the solution to global warming lies not in the hands of the country, but of all. Savings in carbon emissions in one part of the world are useless if negated in other.
The greenhouse effect is largely the product of the industrialized nations, however, as they are the world’s largest energy users, CFC producers and consumers, car manufacturers and users, and enthusiasts for nitrogen fertilizers. The solution to the greenhouse effect needs a radical rethink of the entire Western industrialized lifestyle – and of the financial interrelationships between North and South.
The solutions to the greenhouse effect will be difficult, expensive, and involve some sacrifice.
About 13 per cent of the gas emitted from coal-burning power stations, for instance, is CO2. Experiments exists to remove CO2 from these emissions. If all power stations in the USA used this equipment, CO2 emissions would be cut by 10 per cent. If the whole world used the technology, emissions would drop by 30 per cent.
A more attractive solution would be to redesign power stations, and make better use of energy in factories, homes and on the roads. If these were planned in an effort to conserve energy, rather than using energy as a disposable throwaway product, fossil fuel demand could be reduced by up to 50 per cent.
The technology for minimizing nitrogen oxide and hydrocarbon emissions from motor vehicles is already well-established, and has been fitted to a third of the world’s car fleet. Technology for reductions of nitrogen oxides from power stations is already being introduced into Japan.
But it is important to realize that these measures help only to reduce the effect. The key to the solution of the greenhouse effect is not in cleaning up greenhouse emissions: this is not possible on the scale that is necessary. The solution is not to emit the pollutant in the first place. This would mean refusal from wide-spread things like internal combustion engine, nitrogen fertilizers, coal-fired power stations and many other things people use every day. The refusal from all these things presupposes a change of philosophy in planners, politicians, and energy suppliers.
2.Ответьте на вопросы
1. Why is there greenhouse effect on the planet? 2. Have they found the solution to the greenhouse effect? 3. What countries is greenhouse effect characteristic of? 4. What are the solutions to the greenhouse effect? 5. Is the solution to the greenhouse effect only in cleaning up greenhouse emissions?
3.Найдите английские эквиваленты предложенным сочетаниям:
1. углекислый газ a. greenhouse effect
2. парниковый эффект b. Fossil fuel
3. солнечная радиация c. Mean temperature
4. влажность почвы d. Soil moisture
5. питьевая вода e. Drinking water
6. продукт одноразового использования f. Power station
7. атмосферное равновесие g. carbon dioxide
8. двигатель внутреннего сгорания h. rainfall
9. электростанция i. Disposable product
10.средняя температура j. Solar radiation
11.ископаемое топливо k. Build-up
12.накопление l. Atmospheric equilibrium
13.поверхность земли m. Earth’s surface
14.осадки n. Internal combustion engine
4. Заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами:
Mean temperature, drought, CFCs, build-up, carbon dioxide, greenhouse, atmospheric equilibrium, fossil fuels
Many experts agree that the most pressing problem facing all of us is that of the gradual warming of the earth’s atmosphere caused mainly by the (1)________ of carbon dioxide and CFCs production what has become known as the (2) _________ effect. Informed opinion is that the atmosphere is getting warmer. In the past 80 years the (3) ________ has increased by half of one degree Celsius.
The consequences are likely to be significant. Some experts predict that by 2090, the average temperature could be higher than today (by 2-6C). Good news, you may think, but there would be a price to pay. Global warming would affect the climate in all parts of the world. Low-lying coastal regions would be flooded because of ice melting. Hot countries which are already suffering from (4) ________ could get even hotter and drier, and more arid.
Burning (5)_________ (coal, gas and oil) is one of the main causes of global warming. When they are burned oxygen is used and carbon dioxide is produced. Trees that are growing use (6) _______ and produce oxygen. So there could be a healthy balance. But since the industrial revolution – about 150 years ago – the (7) ________ has been upset as more fossil fuels have been burned and forests cut down and burned at an unprecedented rate. Important “greenhouse gases” are (8) ______ (chlorofluorocarbons), some of which are 10,000 times more powerful than carbon dioxide.
5.Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод оборотов
1. The captain watched the sailors unloading the steamer. 2. I saw him enter the room. 3. He wants the documents to be sent by post.
Вариант 2
1.Прочтите и переведите на русский язык
OZONE LAYER
Ozone is a minor constituent of the earth’s atmosphere, found in varying concentrations between sea level and a height of some 60 km. Most of the atmosphere’s ozone is found in its two lowest layers: the troposphere, which extends up to 12 km above the earth’s surface, and the stratosphere above it, which extends up to 50 km.
The majority if ozone is found between 20 and 50 km above the ground, with the highest ozone concentrations occurring between 20 to 25 km.
Oxygen and ozone in the stratosphere absorb ultraviolet radiation from the sun, preventing it from reaching the earth.
If radiation absorption did not occur, the consequences could be fatal for humankind. Ultraviolet light of wavelengths between 280 and 320 nanometers is capable of decomposing living substances: a strong dose to human skin causes cancer, and the small quantities that get through the ozone shield are an important cause of cancer in people. If we are to continue being able to walk around in the sunshine, then the stability of the ozone layer is essential.
Even a 1% thinning of the layer could result in an increase of thousands of skin cancer cases every year.
2.Ответьте на вопросы
1. What is ozone? 2. Where is ozone found? 3. What does ozone absorb? 4. Why do people on the earth need ozone? 5. Why is thinning of ozone layer dangerous?
3.Найдите английские эквиваленты предложенным сочетаниям
1. озоновый слой a. international treaty
2. истощение озонового слоя b. Ozone shield
3. озоновая дыра c. sea level
4. озонный щит d. Ozone layer
5. хлорфторуглероды e. Ozone depletion
6. «парниковые» газы f. Ultraviolet radiation
7. рак кожи g. Ozone hole
8. международное соглашение h. Skin cancer
9. уровень моря i. Infra-red radiation
10. ультрафиолетовое излучение j. break-down
11. кондиционирование воздуха k. CFCs
12. распад l. Greenhouse gases
13. инфракрасное излучение m. Foam packaging
14. упаковка из пенопласта n. Air-conditioning
15. озоноразрушающее вещество o. Ozone depleter
4.Заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами:
Ultraviolet radiation, skin cancer, effect, man-made, chlorofluorocarbons, Montreal treaty, foam packaging, refrigerators
The chemical threat to the life-protecting ozone layer in the high atmosphere turns out to be more serious than feared.
The ozone layer screens out the part of the sun’s (1)_________ that harms living things. Scientists have long warned that the ozone might be destroyed by chlorine present in (2)_________ chemicals known as (3)________, or CFCs. These are widely used as coolants in (4)________ and air conditioners and (5)___________.
Each 1 per cent drop in ozone is thought to allow a 2 to 3 per cent rise in the ultraviolet light reaching Earth. No one knows what (6)________ that might have, but any large increase would be reason for serious concern. People could suffer increased (7)________ and weakening of the immune system.
CFCs take some seven years to reach the ozone layer, so that corrective action will take years to have any effect. There is no time to wait for evidence of biological damage. The (8)________ is a fine first step, if a second will follow quickly.
5.Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод оборотов
1.I have never heard him play the piano. 2. What made you come so early? 3. People know him to be an honest man.
Вариант 3
1.Прочтите и переведите на русский язык
ACID RAIN
Acid rain is an international problem which will be solved only by international action. The environment movement has agreed that 90 per cent cuts in sulphur and nitrogen emissions are necessary to protect the most vulnerable ecosystems.
The best way to clean up a source of pollution is not to allow it to be emitted. There are three interacting pollutants that start the acid rain cycle – sulphur, nitrogen and hydrocarbons.
Human-made sulphur emissions will be stopped mainly by preventing the burning of coal and oil. This can be achieved by conserving energy much more efficiently than is currently the practice and by using non-polluting sources of energy. This would also have the effect of lessening the greenhouse effect.
These emissions come partly from power stations – primary action taken to remove sulphur sources would thus also have the same effect for nitrogen – and partly from the worl’d automobile fleet. More efficient use of public transport would be the most effective way of reducing these emissions. Emissions from petrol engines can be largely reduced by use of catalytic converters. Catalyctic converters reduce hydrocarbon emissions.
2.Ответьте на вопросы
1. How can this international problem be solved? 2. What is the main source of pollution? 3. How can we prevent emissions of sulphur? 4. Where do these emissions come from? 5. How can we reduce emissions from petrol engines?
3.Найдите английские эквиваленты предложенным сочетаниям
1. разведение домашнего скота a. catalytic converter
2. утечка газа b. by-product
3. побочный продукт c. Acid rain
4. летучие соединенияa d. imbalance of nature
5. чрезмерное использование e. volatile compounds
6. кислотный дождь f. Livestock breeding
7. каталитический преобразователь g. Over-use
8. твердая частица h. Gas leakage
9. общественный транспорт i. Power station
10. погодные условия j. Dry particle
11. нарушение природного равновесия k. Weather conditions
12. электростанция l. defense mechanism
13. источник выброса m. Public transport
14. защитный механизм n. Emission source
4.Заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами:
Power stations, exhaust, fallout, acid rain, wind, catalytic converters, emissions, sulphur dioxide, fossil fuels
Factories and (1)___________ draw their energy from coal, oil and natural gas. When these (2)_______ burn, (3)_________ and other pollutants are released into atmosphere. When mixed with rain and carried by the (4)__________ it can travel thousands of kilometers. The acid (5)________ it produces attack forests and buildings and can also be harmful to man.
The alarm was sounded in 1970 by the Scandinavian countries where (6)____ has destroyed all life in many of their lakes.
This is the result of combination of industrial concentration with heavy automobile traffic releasing (7)__________ gases rich in sulphur dioxide.
Air pollution can therefore be reduced by cutting down on the consumption of energy, in particular electricity, and by reducing (8)_________ from cars. Cars can be supplied with (9)______ which remove harmful nitrogen oxides and other gases from car exhausts.
5.Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод оборотов
1. She heard him say something. 2. I know him to work hard. 3. They borrowed the money. Let them pay it back.
Вариант 4
1.Прочтите и переведите на русский язык
SPECIES EXTINCTION
There are over 13,000 known species of mammals and birds, thousands of reptiles and fish, some 250,000 plants, and millions of invertebrates (i.e. insects, worms and other species that do not have a backbone). Extinction is a natural feature of the evolution of life on earth, the best-known example being the disappearance of the dinosaur.
In the last 400 years, however, human activities have been responsible for the loss of most of animals and plants that have disappeared. Gone for ever, for example, are seventeen species of bears, five of wolves and foxes, four of cats, ten of cattle, sheep, goats and antelopes, five of horses, zebras and three of deer. These are large mammals: there are thousands of insects, plants and small mammals which have suffered the same fate.
Some researchers report that animal and plant extinction are occurring at present at the rate of three species a day.
Current estimates are that up to a million species will disappear by the year 2000 (including a large number that we have not yet discovered); if this is true, this means the loss of one type of animal, plant or invertebrate every six minutes. Some researchers predict a smaller rate of loss – one species every 30 minutes. Whichever projection is true, the current rate of species loss is appalling.
2.Ответьте на вопросы
1. What is the best-known example of distinction? 2. Why do animals disappear? 3. Do only animals disappear from the Earth? 4. How many species disappear every day? 5. How many species disappeared by 2000?
3.Найдите английские эквиваленты предложенным сочетаниям
1. место обитания a. rain forest
2. сохранение дикой природы b. Biological diversity
3. уровень жизни c. Illegal trade
4. дождевой тропический лес d. Species extinction
5. местное население e. wildlife preservation
6. браконьерство f. Endangered species
7. провоз контрабанды g. habitat
8. медицинские исследования h. Medical research
9.незаконная торговля i. Standard of living
10. спрос j. local population
11. видовое разнообразие k. Nature reserve
12. природный заповедник l. demand
13. исчезающие виды m. smuggling
14. вымирание видов n. Poaching
4.Заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами:
Target, application, poison, contaminating pest, pesticides, pesticide resistance
According to international research, as little as one-tenth of all pesticides may reach their intended (1)________. The rest drift across the land, especially when applied by aircraft, (2)_____ soil and water.
It has been calculated that pests reduced crop yields by about 30m per cent before chemical (3)_______ were developed.
Each (4)_________ of pesticide destroys the weaker but not the stronger members of the target (5)__________species. By 1980 it was said that over 400 insect and mite species had developed (6)__________.
Dangerous as well as expensive, pesticides (7)________ hundreds of thousands of people each year, in some cases fatally.
5.Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод оборотов
1. I will let you use my car if necessary. 2. He wants the doctor to cure him. 3. They heard him make the promise.
Вариант 5
1.Прочтите и переведите на русский язык
THE CONSEQUENCES OF DEFORESTATION
Deforestation has significant consequences. The forests fix soil to the earth; when the trees are removed, the soil blows away or is removed by rains. This erosion of the soil makes the area useless for farming; clogs up local water-courses, to the extent of silting up major canals and dams; and leads to floods in the rainy season, as the soil is no longer able to retain the rains in sufficiently large quantities. In extreme cases, the deforested area will become a desert.
Forests absorb more of the sun’s energy that open land: deforestation can disrupt local weather patterns by warming air that was previously kept cool. Deforested zones experience greater fluctuations in air and soil temperature than the forest that they have replaced. Humidity is another factor that is altered.
The impact of forests on world climate is still largely unknown, although research is urgently necessary. The widely-held idea that trees are “green lungs” of the planet, producing the world’s oxygen, is, according to current knowledge, a myth, as the world contains much larger oxygen sources. There is a possibility, however, that the disappearance of trees over large areas may increase carbon dioxide build-up in the atmosphere.
2.Ответьте на вопросы
1. What does deforestation cause? 2. Can deforestation sometimes lead to area becoming a desert? 3. Does deforestation change climate? 4. Why do we need trees? 5. What can deforestation increase?
3.Найдите английские эквиваленты предложенным сочетаниям
1. лесистая местность a. rapid acceleration
2. лесозаготовка b. Temperate parts
3. обезлесивание c. Air pollution
4. лесовосстановление d. Population growth
5. стремительное ускорение e. Urban dwellers
6. национальный парк f. Endemic species
7. рост населения g. Competition for survival
8. городские жители h. soil erosion
9. заиление i. Silting up
10. эрозия почв j. Temperature fluctuations
11. борьба за выживание k. National park
12. колебания температуры l. woodland
13. районы умеренного климата m. deforestation
14.загрязнение воздуха n. reforestation
15. эндемичный вид o. logging
16.подсечно-огневая система p. Slash-and burn technique
4.Заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами:
Hardwoods, tropical forests, drugs, heat, species, cut down, carbon dioxide, erosion, extinct
Although (1)________ cover just 7 per cent of the planet’s land area, their importance to the biosphere is great. Forests make an enormous contribution to the Earth’s atmosphere and climate, by absorbing (2)__________ and helping regulate temperature. As whole tracts of forests are cut and burned, they release carbon monoxide into the atmosphere, where it traps (3)_________, adding to global warming.
Trees protect the soil from wind and water (4)_________. Rain forests are home to half of all (5)______ on earth, most of which are still undiscovered and unnamed. Biologists do not know whether humans share the earth with 3 million or 30 million living species, nor how many species were made (6)__________ already.
Tropical forests are also a source of new (7)_______. One in four drugs comes from tropical forest plants.
The demand in wealthy countries like Japan for tropical (8)________ has risen fast, and logging has had a severe impact in many parts of the Far East. In South America vast tracts of forest have been (9) _______ to make way for cattle ranching.
5.Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод оборотов
1. I saw them arguing. 2. Russian people are known to be hospitable. 3. He wants them to help him with the translation.
Вариант 6
1.Прочтите и переведите на русский язык
ARE THERE SOLUTIONS TO DESERTIFICATION
The Sahel disaster of the early 1970s prompted the United Nations Conference on Desertification in Nairobi, Kenya, in 1977. The UN conference brought together technical experts and senior diplomats who made a number of recommendations. Central to these was the need to spend $48 billion in developing countries over the next 20 years, to rehabilitate all damaged irrigated lands, half the affected rangeland, and three-quarters of croplands. Two million hectares of sand dunes were to be stabilized too.
The year 2000 was set as the goal for halting desertification, but that target is now seen as impossible to achieve. The international community has not responded as urgently to the problem as the situation demanded, governments in the developed and developing worlds prefer short-term, instant schemes to the long-term plans necessary to stabilize croplands. In addition to this, desertification is not just a problem that can be solved with knowledge and money: it is linked to basic patterns of national life, and its solution requires difficult political and cultural reforms.
Desertification can be countered, given an international commitment to its solution. This commitment has not yet become a reality.
2.Ответьте на вопросы
1. Where did the UN conference take place? 2. Who was present at the conference? 3. How much money were they going to spend in developing countries? For what purposes? 5. What does the solution of this problem require?
3.Найдите английские эквиваленты предложенным сочетаниям
1. плодородие почв a. salinization
2. эрозия почв b. waterlogging
3. товарная культура c. desertification
4. засуха d. deforestation
5. песчаная дюна e. Sand dune
6. засоление f. Developing countries
7. заболачивание g. Living conditions
8. обезлесивание h. drought
9. опустынивание i. Cash crop
10. план орошения j. Soil fertility
11. условия жизни k. Soil erosion
12. выпас скота l. Livestock grazing
13. развивающиеся страны m. International community
14. международные обязательства n. International commitment
15. международное сообщество o. Irrigation scheme
4.Заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами
Desert, salinization, cash crops, livestock, overgrazing, pressures, desertification
In hot, dry climates, soil erosion and loss of fertility produce (1)_______ with deserts spreading in productive areas.
Desertification is mainly caused by deforestation, overcultivation and (2)_________ in dry areas. But there are other destructive (3)________ on the land. In the Sahel in the 1970s at least 100,000 people and millions of animals died. The main cause was not the drought, but two decades of land mismanagement when the region had higher than average rainfall. Cultivation of (4)________ expanded and the population grew. Marginal land was cultivated for the first time in centuries and (5)_________ grazed in tiny areas of pasture, where they shouldn’t have been. The land soon became (6)______.
Other pressures on land include (7)_________ by irrigation water.
5.Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод оборотов
1. She wants their children to be happy. 2. I heard them singing in the room. 3. They are known to be industrious and reliable.
Вариант 7
1.Прочтите и переведите на русский язык
CHEMICAL POLLUTION
Many toxic substances have been developed and manufactured since 1940s. We can find them in our soil, water and air. In leading industrial countries in the West, millions of tons of dangerous substances are industrially produced, transported, stored or used each year.
Most toxic waste comes from industries that produce plastics, soap, synthetic rubber, fertilizers, synthetic fibers, medicines, detergents, cosmetics, paints, pigments, adhesives, explosives, pesticides and chemicals.
Among the most serious consequences of chemical pollution is deteriorating quality and declining fresh-water reserves. This makes a threat to human health.
The contamination of water by many different chemicals is alarming because it brings together substances that no responsible chemist would think of combining in his laboratory.
There are nearly always alternatives to the most toxic chemicals. When the health risks caused by dioxins were discovered in Sweden, for example, they change production from bleached to unbleached paper.
Although most operations with chemicals are accomplished safely, there are about 20 major accidents a year. It is estimated that there are a further 200 accidents each year causing significant damage to health, environment or property.
2.Ответьте на вопросы
1. What products give more waste? 2. Do developing or developed countries give more dangerous substances? 3. Where can we find dangerous substances? 4. What is the most dangerous consequences of pollution? 5. How many accidents with chemicals are there every year?
3.Найдите английские эквиваленты предложенным сочетаниям
1. необработанные отходы a. waste disposal
2. химическое загрязнение b. By-product
3. отравление диоксинами c. Untreated wastes
4. расстройство иммунной системы d. Dangerous chemicals
5. побочный продукт e. chemical pollution
6. пищевая цепь f. Mineral fertilizer
7. заболевание кожи g. Toxic particles
8. минеральное удобрение h. Poisonous sediments
9. ядовитые отложения i. Food chain
10. ядовитые частицы j. Dioxin poisoning
11. строительный материал k. Skin disease
12. перекись водорода l. Immune system disorder
13. удаление отходов m. Building material
14. опасные химикаты n. Hydrogen peroxide
4.Заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами:
Ultraviolet radiation, skin cancer, effect, man-made, chlorofluorocarbons, Montreal treaty, foam packaging, refrigerators
The chemical threat to the life-protecting ozone layer in the high atmosphere turns out to be more serious than feared.
The ozone layer screens out the part of the sun’s (1)_________ that harms living things. Scientists have long warned that the ozone might be destroyed by chlorine present in (2)_________ chemicals known as (3)________, or CFCs. These are widely used as coolants in (4)________ and air conditioners and (5)___________.
Each 1 per cent drop in ozone is thought to allow a 2 to 3 per cent rise in the ultraviolet light reaching Earth. No one knows what (6)________ that might have, but any large increase would be reason for serious concern. People could suffer increased (7)________ and weakening of the immune system.
CFCs take some seven years to reach the ozone layer, so that corrective action will take years to have any effect. There is no time to wait for evidence of biological damage. The (8)________ is a fine first step, if a second will follow quickly.
5.Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод оборотов
1. They would like you to book them a room in the hotel. 2. The British are considered to be conservative. 3. She watched the child doing homework.
Вариант 8
1.Прочтите и переведите на русский язык
PESTICIDES
“Pesticides” are a variety of chemical substances used to kill unwanted insects, vegetation, fungus, rodents or other species. They are mainly used in agriculture, but are also sold for garden and household application.
Most current pesticides have been developed since the Second World War, and the market has expanded rapidly. The arguments in favor of pesticides are that they are essential if crops are to be protected from damaging pest attacks, particularly in the Third World. There are many types of pesticides: those which kill insects, those which kill plants, fungus, spiders and some others.
Over the last 40 years, there has been a great increase in the tonnage of pesticides used worldwide. Pesticides are banned when research shows them to have dangerous effects on health.
The central problem of pesticides – they are mainly all synthetic, and the environment has had no previous experience of how to deal with them.
There are immediate observable environmental effects, of which the first is the virtual disappearance of wildflowers from the sprayed areas. This implications lead to the smaller amount of animals in the part of the country.
There are other environmental consequences, not least of which is the contamination of drinking water.
2.Ответьте на вопросы
1. What is a “pesticide”? 2. Where are they mainly used? 3. Why do we use pesticides? 4. What is the central problem of pesticides? 5. What are other consequences of pesticides use?
3.Найдите английские эквиваленты предложенным сочетаниям
1. удобрения a. side-effect
2. пестициды b. application
3. промышленные отходы c. Immune system
4. чрезмерное количество d. Algal bloom
5. побочное действие e. fertilizers
6. применение f. pesticides
7. органические вещества g. Phosphate-free
8. грунтовые воды h. Allergic response
9. стиральный порошок i. Organic substances
10. аллергическая реакция j. Excessive quantity
11. иммунная система k. Ground waters
12. цветение водорослей l. Washing powder
13. не содержащий фосфатов m. Industrial wastes
14. сопротивляемость пестицидам n. pesticide resistance
4.Заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами:
Nitrate fertilizers, phosphate free, excessive growth, “blue-baby” syndrome, eutrophication, cancer, detergents, nitrite, algae, sewage systems
Certainly, babies fed with artificial milks made up with high-nitrate water are at risk of getting (1)_______. Nitrate is easily converted to (2)________ and this can react with the red pigment in blood reducing its ability to carry oxygen around the body.
Some scientists believe that nitrate may also react with other food components in the stomach to form compounds that increase the risk of (3)________. Therefore, it is important to reduce nitrate levels by restricting the use of (4)_______ and removing nitrate from drinking water.
Phosphates are used in (5)_______, fertilizers and many other products. They can find their way into waterways by a number of routes – mainly via (6)________. If too much phosphorous gets into lakes and rivers it can result in (7)_______ of the microscopic plant life, called (8)_______, and other water plants.
The algae may become so dense that they exclude sunlight and limit the types of life that can survive. This process is known as (9)_________.
Switching to (10)_______ products can help the environment.
5.Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод оборотов
1. What do you want me to do? 2. I heard her crying very bitterly. 3. It is known to be a reliable company.
Вариант 9
1.Прочтите и переведите на русский язык
NUCLEAR ENERGY
Of more than 150 countries in the world, 26 have nuclear power. The large bulk of nuclear power, four-fifths of production worldwide is generated in 8 countries (Russia, Canada, USA, UK, Japan, Germany, Sweden, France).
At the end of 1986, there were 394 reactors producing electricity worldwide, with 137 under construction. Around the world, the pace of nuclear development has slowed rapidly. There appear to be three main reasons for that: first, the cost of nuclear power; secondly, environmental degradation caused by the technology; and thirdly, the threat of large-scale environmental destruction, the disasters in the 1970s and 1980s are the examples.
The fuel which nuclear power stations use is a rare metal – uranium. One ton of uranium can produce as much energy as 20,000 tons of coal. Nuclear energy demands strict quality control, constant supervision, and guaranteed reliability from all the components. One mistake can have catastrophic consequences. Nuclear power doesn’t pollute the atmosphere like fossil fuels. But it does produce waste. This is radioactive for thousands of years and is very dangerous. At the moment most stations bury their waste deep underground, bury their waste at sea in containers or send their waste to other countries. Another problem for the nuclear industry is a cancer of the blood. The number of people with the disease near the stations is much higher than normal. Many of them are children. Green organizations all over the world are against nuclear energy.
2.Ответьте на вопросы
1. How many countries have the most production of nuclear energy? 2. Does nuclear power pollute nature? 3. What disease does it cause? 4. What is the fuel for nuclear stations? 5. Where do people bury nuclear wastes?
3.Найдите английские эквиваленты предложенным сочетаниям
1. ядерная энергия a. nuclear reactor
2. электростанция b. Nuclear disaster
3. энергия приливов c. Power station
4. волновая энергия d. Green organizations
5. утечка радиоактивных веществ e. Radioactive wastes
6. ядерная катастрофа f. alternative energy
7. организация «зеленых» g. Geothermal energy
8. радиоактивные отходы h. Nuclear power
9. альтернативная энергия i. Solar power
10.ископаемое топливо j. Wave power
11. солнечная энергия k. Tidal power
12. воздействие радиации l. Radioactive leak
13. ядерный реактор m. Radiation exposure
14. геотермальная энергия n. Fossil fuels
4.Заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами
Target, application, poison, contaminating pest, pesticides, pesticide resistance
According to international research, as little as one-tenth of all pesticides may reach their intended (1)________. The rest drift across the land, especially when applied by aircraft, (2)_____ soil and water.
It has been calculated that pests reduced crop yields by about 30m per cent before chemical (3)_______ were developed.
Each (4)_________ of pesticide destroys the weaker but not the stronger members of the target (5)__________species. By 1980 it was said that over 400 insect and mite species had developed (6)__________.
Dangerous as well as expensive, pesticides (7)________ hundreds of thousands of people each year, in some cases fatally.
5.Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод оборотов
1. He is known to move to Moscow soon. 2. I want my friends to come to my birthday party. 3. I heard her talking over the phone.
Вариант 10
1.Прочтите и переведите на русский язык
WASTES
Waste means things which we throw away.
When you throw something away, it goes in a garbage can or plastic bag for litter. Regularly the garbage truck comes and the can is emptied or the bags are taken away, and that’s the last you see of it. But what do you think happens to the garbage then? Does it just disappear? No way!
Most of what we throw away goes into holes in the ground which are called landfills. Now we are making so much garbage that in many places there is not enough place to bury it all. We have to cut down the amount of garbage we make. How can we do it? We can recycle (reuse materials instead of throwing them away).
We all know how unpleasantly piles of litter look and how they ruin the appearance of our towns, beaches and countryside. What is often forgotten is that it is us who have to pay to have it cleared up. In the country and even in towns, it is an enormous danger to people and animals alike. Hundreds of accidents to children and thousands of deaths of animals are caused every year by thoughtlessly discarded waste. Even, when waste disposal sites are well controlled, there is an ever present risk of pollution. Many people are now worried about the dangers of the by-products from decomposing waste soaking into the ground and getting into rivers and lakes. But it is dangerous as waste give off some gases which pollute air.
2.Ответьте на вопросы
1. What is “waste”? 2. Where does the most of garbage go? 3. Must me reduce the amount of garbage we make? 4. Is waste dangerous to animals? 5. What does waste pollute?
3.Найдите английские эквиваленты предложенным сочетаниям
1. удаление отходов a. landfill
2. растительные отходы b. dump
3. прохладительный напиток c. Household waste
4. углекислый газ d. Oil spillage
5. упаковка e. Soft drink
6. утечка нефти f. Carrier bag
7. домашние отходы g. Waste disposal
8. полиэтиленовый мешок h. By-product
9. яма для сброса и захоронения мусора i. Greenhouse effect
10. побочный продукт j. carbon dioxide
11. битое стекло k. packaging
12. свалка мусора l. Vegetable waste
13. алюминиевая банка m. can
14. парниковый эффект n. Non-renewable resources
15. невозобновляемые ресурсы o. broken glass
4. Заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами:
Mean temperature, drought, CFCs, build-up, carbon dioxide, greenhouse, atmospheric equilibrium, fossil fuels
Many experts agree that the most pressing problem facing all of us is that of the gradual warming of the earth’s atmosphere caused mainly by the (1)________ of carbon dioxide and CFCs production what has become known as the (2) _________ effect. Informed opinion is that the atmosphere is getting warmer. In the past 80 years the (3) ________ has increased by half of one degree Celsius.
The consequences are likely to be significant. Some experts predict that by 2090, the average temperature could be higher than today (by 2-6C). Good news, you may think, but there would be a price to pay. Global warming would affect the climate in all parts of the world. Low-lying coastal regions would be flooded because of ice melting. Hot countries which are already suffering from (4) ________ could get even hotter and drier, and more arid.
Burning (5)_________ (coal, gas and oil) is one of the main causes of global warming. When they are burned oxygen is used and carbon dioxide is produced. Trees that are growing use (6) _______ and produce oxygen. So there could be a healthy balance. But since the industrial revolution – about 150 years ago – the (7) ________ has been upset as more fossil fuels have been burned and forests cut down and burned at an unprecedented rate. Important “greenhouse gases” are (8) ______ (chlorofluorocarbons), some of which are 10,000 times more powerful than carbon dioxide.
5.Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод оборотов
1. My daughter wants me to buy her a new doll. 2. I know them to attend the courses. 3. I saw her talking with a man.