- •Методические рекомендации
- •Section I
- •And its future applications
- •In our society parti
- •Vocabulary
- •It is interesting to know
- •Iea's New Outlook
- •International cooperation parti
- •I им. В.Г. Шухова
- •Vocabulary
- •It is interesting to know
- •News update
- •From 11 plus Exams
- •Vocabulary
- •Part 2
- •New projects
- •Flights of Fancy
- •Unit 4
- •Facts About Hydropower
- •Vocabulary
- •Part 2
- •Environment
- •The Future of Hydroelectric Power
- •Vocabulary
- •4. Translate the following sentences with the Gerund. Pay attention to the different translation of the Gerund depending on its different functions.
- •Part 2
- •History of Hydropower
- •New projects
- •It is interesting to know
- •Pitlochry Visitor Centre
- •Scientists smile Shade Iree Mechanic's Glossary
- •Introduction
- •Vocabulary
- •Exercises
- •2. Find in the text the antonyms to the following words:
- •3. For the nouns in a) find suitable attributes in b).
- •5. Find the paragraphs in the text where it is said about:
- •6. Say whether the following statements are true or false according to the information in the text.
- •Part 2
- •It is interesting to know
- •Part 2
- •Country notes Canada
- •Where are Australia's best tidal energy resources located? _
- •What does a tidal energy project under active consideration involve?
- •What tidal plants were installed prior to 1980?
- •What is the aggregate capacity of the small plants in China?
- •United Kingdom
- •Vocabulary
- •Potential of Europe
- •Solid Fuels
- •Vocabulary
- •Part 2
- •What does this new project provide?
- •What is the effect of the integrated system?
- •Tmi, Chernobyl, Now Tokaimura
- •Vocabulary
- •76 Section I. Power Engineering
- •2. Translate the following sentences with the Infinitive. Pay attention to the different translation of the Infinitive depending on its different functions.
- •3. Read the texts above and answer whether the statements are true or false.
- •4. Define the following in English:
- •5. Answer the following questions.
- •6. Summarize the texts in 6-7 sentences.
- •Pro and Against
- •It is interesting to know • Read and retell the following text. France
- •86 Section I. Power Engineering
- •2. Find in the text the synonyms to the following words:
- •3. Read the text above and answer whether the statements are true or false.
- •4. Answer the following questions related to the text.
- •Where is there a growing interest in green electricity?
- •Where will the first ground-based central pv system in the Netherlands be installed?
- •What is the aim of the project?
- •From 11 plus Exams
- •Scientists smile g. Westinghouse History
- •Vocabulary
- •5. Read the text above and say whether the following statements are true or false.
- •6. Answer the questions using the information from the text.
- •7. Make up an outline of the text above and retell the text using it. Part 2
- •Vocabulary
- •Part 2
- •It is interesting to know
- •The History of Fusion
- •Fusion Power: Safe and Clean
- •Vocabulary
- •Section II
- •Read the following texts about renewable energy sources.
- •Make the summary of the texts in English.
- •Korea (Republic)
- •Portugal
- •United Kingdom
- •Argentina
- •Australia
- •Costarica
- •Iceland
- •Indonesia
- •Philippines
- •Russian federation
- •United states of america
- •214000, Г. Смоленск, пр-т им. Ю. Гагарина, 2.
Korea (Republic)
• What are novel features of the Shim wind-wave energy scheme?
The Shim wind-wave energy scheme has been developed in cooperation with Baek Jae Engineering of Seoul. It has many novel features, including a floating, lattice structure fabricated from plastics and composites, as well as incorporating an array of small wind turbines.
122
Section II. Supplementary Reading
C. Wave Energy
123
The design is at an early stage of development and, as such, there are several aspects that need further development. However, an independent assessment has been carried out which indicated that, if research in these areas is successful and the device lives up to its early promise, it is likely to be economically competitive with a range of electricity generation technologies, if deployed in energetic wave climates such as those of Western Europe. Baek Jae Engineering are continuing to develop the design and are intending to progress to testing a prototype in the near future.
Netherlands • What can you say about the Archimedes Wave Swing?
Teamwork Technology bv and a consortium of Dutch companies have been working to develop the Archimedes Wave Swing over the last four years. It is a heaving buoy device consisting of an array of three or more point absorbers. These are like hollowed-out "mushrooms", which contain air to achieve neutral buoyancy and are tethered' below the surface of the sea. As waves pass over the top of the mushroom, they alter the pressure of the air inside the mushroom and hence its buoyancy. This causes the system to move up and down, which activates heave2 compensators connected between the mushroom and its sea bed mounting. These pump oil to an hydraulic motor to supply mechanical power to an electric generator. All the mechanical and electrical equipment is contained within a single detachable3 unit sealed from sea water. The system is undergoing modification prior to beginning installation of a pilot plant in the waters off Portugal.
1 - связаны; 2 — набегание, накатывание волн на берег; 3 — отделяемый
Norway
• What is a centre of excellence for research into wave energy in Norway?
In the 1980's Norway deployed two of the largest, commercial wave energy schemes: a 350 kWe Tapchan and a 500 kWe OWC. Following a prolonged period of successful operation, both these schemes have ceased to function. However, opportunities for exporting the Tapchan
system have been pursued first by Norwave AS and now Groner AS (see Indonesia). Trondheim University remains a centre of excellence for research into wave energy.
Portugal
• What has most of the research on wave energy conversion been devoted to?
Since 1978 Portugal has played a significant role in wave energy R&D. This has concentrated mainly on developing OWC's and has been undertaken at the Instituto Superior Tecnico (1ST) of the Technical University of Lisbon and the National Institute of Engineering and Industrial Technology (INETI) of the Portuguese Ministry of Economy. Most of the research on wave energy conversion has been devoted to OWC's. Early work concentrated on theoretical and experimental studies of the device hydrodynamics and the behaviour of Wells turbines (including monoplane and biplane rotors, as well as contra-rotating and variable-pitch designs). This has produced design codes for these turbines and plant control strategies.
Spain
• What is the scheme of an OWC in Spain?
Since 1990, Union Electrica Fenosa has been conducting research on a novel wave energy scheme. The scheme is an OWC where the power is extracted, not by an air-driven turbine but mechanically, using a float atop the water column. An experimental plant has been tested in a wave flume (подводящий канал), allowing its behaviour to be modelled. More testing is being carried out but plans are being made for installation of a prototype in a breakwater.
Sweden
• What are the plans of a new company (Eurowave Energy AB) to promote commer cial schemes?
Two main devices have been under development in Sweden: the Hosepump and the IPS buoy technology. The latter contains a long, open-ended tube, with a piston' in the tube attached to hydraulic cyl-
124 Section II. Supplementary Reading
inders. The inertia of water in the tube leads to relative motion between the piston and the buoy which can be damped2to produce energy. A new company (Eurowave Energy AB) is to be formed to promote commercial schemes based on these technologies. It has plans to install a demonstration system west of Gothenburg in the near future, followed by other demonstration schemes near Athens (Greece) and New Jersey (USA). They also have plans for a 1.5 MW commercial scheme off the west coast of Ireland.
1 — поршень; 2 - уменьшен