Independent work # 5 (10). Obesity.

Task 1. Read and memorize the words ,translate the text and be ready to answer the questions:

to consume – споживати; obesity – ожиріння; to gain weight – повніти; lifestyle – спосіб життя; to maintain – підтримувати; to cause – спричиняти; excessive – надмірний; behavior– поведінка.

Obesity

What Causes Obesity?

Obesity occurs when a person consumes more calories than he or she burns. For many people this means eating too much and exercising too little. But there are other factors that also play a role in obesity. These may include:

Age. As you get older, your body's ability to metabolize food slows down and you do not require as many calories to maintain your weight. This is why people note that they eat the same and do the same activities as they did when they were 20 years old, but at age 40, gain weight.

Gender. Women tend to be more overweight than men. Men have a higher resting metabolic rate than women, so men require more calories to maintain their body weight. Additionally, when women become postmenopausal, their metabolic rate decreases. That is partly why many women gain weight after menopause.

Genetics. Obesity (and thinness) tends to run in families. In fact, if your biological mother is heavy as an adult, there is approximately a 75% chance that you will be heavy. If your biological mother is thin, there is also a 75% chance that you will be thin. But many people genetically predisposed to obesity do not become obese or are able to lose weight.

Environmental factors. Although genes are an important factor in many cases of obesity, a person's environment also plays a significant role. Environmental factors include lifestyle behaviors such as what a person eats and how active he or she is.

Physical activity. Active individuals require more calories than less active ones to maintain their weight. The increase in obesity in the last 20 years is thought to have resulted from the decreased level of daily physical activity.

Psychological factors. Psychological factors also influence eating habits and obesity. Many people eat in response to negative emotions such as boredom, sadness, or anger.

Illness. There are some illnesses that can cause obesity. These include hormone problems such as hypothyroidism (poorly acting thyroid slows metabolism), depression, and some rare diseases of the brain that can lead to overeating.

Medication. Certain drugs, such as steroids and some antidepressants, may cause excessive weight gain

Task 2. Answer the questions:

1. What causes obesity?

2. How does obesity depend on age?

3. What illnesses can it cause?

4. Are genes an important factor in many cases of obesity?

5. What are psychological factors for gaining weight?

6. How can people control their weight?

7. What do you do to be healthy?

8. Do you avoid junk food?

Unit 11 (27). Gynecology. Child birth.

Ex.1. Read and memorize the words:

to suffer - страждати, хворіти;

breast cancer – рак молочної залози;

breast self-examination – самообстеження молочних залоз;

lump – пухлина; vaginitis – вагініт;

mammogram – маммографія;

an external genital exam – зовнішній огляд геніталіїв;

a manual exam – мануальне обстеження;

endometrial cancer – рак ендомерія;

a hysterectomy - екстирпація матки

Ex.2. Match the words-combinations:

A pap smear -	видалення матки
a major risk to health -	профілактика
the presence of a lump -	пов’язують з безпліддям
multiply rapidly -	зміни в хімічному складі
cervical cancer -	значний ризик для здоров’я
removal of the uterus -	наявність пухлини
early detection of cancer -	розмножуються швидко
changes in the chemical makeup -	рак шийки матки
associated with infertility -	раннє виявлення раку
scheduling a pap smear -	мазок
preventive measure -	планування мазка

Read and translate the text: