Bibliography:
Alderson,
J. Charles Assessing
Reading
(2000)
Hosenfeld
"How to Be a Successful Contextual Guesser" (1987) as cited
in Alderson, 2001
Scarino,
Angela and Anthony J. Liddicoat Teaching
and Learning Languages: A Guide (2009)
Hoover,
W., A., & and Gough P. B.
The Reading Acquisition Framework – An overview
by (2000)
1
Compulsory*: Learning in Syria in the primary and elementary school
is obligatory for all children and it is free of charge until they
finish high school.
2
top-down means understanding difficult words by deciphering the
whole text while bottom-up means understanding the meaning of the
text through focusing on understanding the combinations of the words
themselves
