Part I The Simple Sentence

A sentence is a unit of speech whose grammatical structure conforms to the laws of the language and which serves as the chief means of conveying a thought. A sentence is not only a means of communicating something about reality but also a means of showing the speaker’s attitude to it.

The classification of simple sentences is based on two principles:

1. according to the purpose of the utterance;

2. according to the structure.

according to the purpose of the utterance
1	the declarative sentence (хабарлы сөйлем)	the subject precedes the predicate	She did not answer at once
2	the interrogative sentence (сұраулы сөйлем)	the predicate (or part of it) before the subject
	a) general question	the auxiliary or modal verb before the subject	Do you like me?
	b) special question	the interrogative word precedes the auxiliary verb, then the subject	Where do you live?
	c) alternative question	the predicate (or part of it) before the subject, and conjunction or	Do you live in town or in the country?
	d) disjunctive	an affirmative statement follows a negative question, or a negative statement follows an affirmative question	You speak English, don’t you?
3	the imperative sentence (бұйрықты сөйлем)	the verb is in the imperative mood	Come to the blackboard!
4	the exclamatory sentence (лепті сөйлем)	it begins with the words what and how	What a lovely day it is!

Ex. 1. Define the kinds of the sentences according to the purpose of the utterance.

1. “Now, just look at those black grapes!” she said. 2. You found the lost book, didn’t you? 3. The ship went on and reached the port before the storm rose. 4. Bessie had now finished dusting and tidying the room. 5. I saw the gates thrown open and a carriage roll through. 6. “When shall you be going?” – “Tomorrow.” 7. “Captain gone below?” – “Yes, sir.” 8. “Ah!” she cried, hastening forward. 9. “Why do you smile, Jane?” 10. The cool was delicious after the heat of the day. 11. Ah! don’t be cross with me! 12. Your brother was there, wasn’t he? 13. He is a number of your club, or I am mistaken. 14. They agreed that he was a very brave man. 15. What a skilled worker he is!

Ex. 2. Define the type of the following questions:

1. “Do you like that?” – “No…” 2. “You are coming our way, aren’t you?” she asked. 3. Who was that? – My granddaughter. 4. Well, it’s all the same now, isn’t it? 5. “I’ll call for you at a quarter past six, shall I?” 6. “Who do you think has been to see you, Dad?” 7. “Who told you that?” 8. “It’s rather nice, isn’t it?’ 9. “Am I going to break the news to Mrs. Hopper or are you?” he said. 10. “Jane, do you hear that nightingale singing in the wood?” 11. “What is it you are hinting at?” he cried with an inexplicable irritation. 12. “You won’t mind my doing so, will you?” 13. “What are you thinking about?” 14. “Would you like me to stay?” 15. O, Tom, why didn’t you ask me?

sentence according to the structure
two-member sentence		one-member sentence
complete	elliptical	nominal	verbal
unextended
Birds fly.		Midnight.	To think of that!
extended
Birds flew to the South.	Where were you yesterday? At the cinema.	Dusk – of a summer night.	Living at the mercy of a woman!