- •Morphology and syntax as parts of grammar. Grammatical units.
- •Paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations of words
- •Main grammatical notions.
- •Method of opposition. Types of oppositional reduction.
- •Structure of words. Types of morphemes.
- •Means of form-building in English.
- •Parts of speech. Principles of classification.
- •H.Sweet’s classification of words into parts of speech.
- •Notional and functional classes of words.
- •General characteristics of the noun as a part of speech.
- •Ch.Frie’s syntactico-distributional classification of words.
- •The number category of the noun.
- •The theory of positional cases.
- •16.The theory of the possessive postposition.
- •17. Semantic subtypes of the genetive case.
- •18.The noun. Gender
- •19.The article. General Characteristics.
- •20. Different approaches to the number and meaning of the article.
- •21. General characteristics of the verb as a part of speech.
- •22. Categories expression time in English.
- •23. The aspect cateory. Different views on the number and kinds of aspects in Enlish.
- •24. The voice category. General characteristics.
- •25. Different views on the number and kinds of voices in English.
- •26. Peculiarities of passive constructions in English.
- •28. Means of expressing modality in English.
- •29. The cateory of mood. The Imperetive mood.
- •30. The Subjunctive mood.
- •31. Verbals. The Infinitive
- •32. The Participle.
- •33. The Gerund.
- •34. General characteristics of the adjective as a part of speech.
- •35. The degree category of the adjective.
- •36. The adverb. General characteristics.
- •37. The degree category of the adverb.
- •38.The Adlink. General characteristics.
- •39. The preposition.
- •40. The conjunction.
- •41. The phrase. General characteristics.
- •42. Principles of classification of phrases and types of relations between its constituents.
- •43. Ways of expressing syntactical relations between components of a phrase.
- •44. The sentence as a main unit of syntax.
- •45. Predicativity. Predication.
- •48. Syntactic categories. Sentence paradigm.
18.The noun. Gender
The category of gender in English is controversial. The majority of linguists have the opinion that this category existed only in Old English. They maintain that in modern E. the biological division of masculine and feminine genders is rendered only by lex.means:special words and affixes:man-woman; tiger-tigress; he-she. The cat of gender in English differs from the cat. of gender in many other languages. Linguistically it may be either meaningful or formal. In E gender is a meaningful category for the whole class of the nouns. It’s realized through obligatory correspondence of every noun with the 3d person sg. pronouns-she, he, it man-he, woman-she, dog-it. Personal pronoun and grammatical gender classifiers in E.
The cat of g. is formed by 2 oppositions:
the 1st is general and opposes person nouns, distinguishing masculine and femin.gender. and all other non-person nouns- neuter gender.
the 2nd is formed by person nouns only on the lower level of the opposition the nouns of masculine anf feminine.
Gender: 1) ‘+’ person nouns: fem. nouns ‘’+’’ (woman –she) and masculine nouns’’ –‘’ (man –he).
2) non-person “-“ nouns (tree-it).
Gender is a constant feature category. It is expressed through nounal classification. Each noun belongs to only one of the 3 genders. There is a group of nouns in English which can denote either a female or a male in diff. contexts. These nouns can be substitute by either ‘he’or ‘she’(president, professor, friend, etc.) They constitute a separate group of nouns- the common gender nouns. There are cases of neutralization( The girl was a sweet little thing ; what is it overthere) and personification( Death is only freedom. I hear his black wings.)
19.The article. General Characteristics.
Functionally there are 2 forms of the Article:definite and indefinite. The forms are not changed. Articles form a separate group or class characterized by:
-lexico-gr. meaning of (in)defineteness.
-the right-hand combinability with nouns.
-the function of noun specifiers.
There are 3 main problems in accordance with the English Article: 1) If the article is a definite word or not. 2) If the article is a definite word., then if it is a definite part of speech. 3) What is the number of articles in E.
B.Ilyish : the article is a word, but “we cannot for the time being at least prove that it is the only correct view of the English article”. M.Blokh regards the article as special type of grammatical auxiliary. Linguists are only agreed on the function of the article: the article is a determiner, or a restrictor.
The articles, acc.to some linguists, do not form a grammatical category: they do not belong to the same lexeme, and they do not have meaning common to them: a/an has the meaning of oneness, not found in the, which has a demonstrative meaning. If we treat the article as a morpheme, then we shall have to set up a grammatical category in the noun, the category of determination. This category will have to have all the characteristic features of a grammatical category: common meaning + distinctive meaning. So what is common to a room and the room? Both nouns are restricted in meaning, i.e. they refer to an individual member of the class room’. a room has the feature [-Definite], while
the room has the feature [+Definite]. here the definite article is the strong member and the indefinite article is the weak member. The same analysis can be extended to abstract and concrete countable nouns
There 2 general approaches to the gr. morphological status of the article.
1.is a definite syntagmatic word.( As a word it defines a certain type of the noun and has its gr. meaning).
2.is a peculiar morpheme of the noun( The combination an art. + a noun is considered to be an analytical form of the noun).