Екзаменаційний білет № 22

1. The Past Indefinite Tense – утворення і вживання.

2. Аналіз складу тканини та її властивостей.

3. Переклад тексту з англійської мови.

Cultivated silk is the finest, most elastic and most durable of all natural textile fibres. The filament of silk is stronger than steel wire of the same diameter and can be considerably stretched without breaking. Its remarkable strength in comparison with its diameter permits of a very strong, light and durable fabric being made. It is especially priced for its brilliant luster, elasticity and beauty.

Silk is produced by the silk worm in spinning a cocoon. The worm changes its colour to a semi-transparent pink, and from a hole in its lower lip the silk thread begins to appear. Then by a waving motion of the body the worm gradually envelopes itself in a cocoon of silk which is drawn out in a double thread, slightly twisted, and covered by silk gum. Once the silk worm starts spinning it never leaves off until the silk is exhausted. The total length of silk given out is about 500 yds.

On enveloping itself in the cocoon and on giving out its silk, the worm commences to change from worm to chrysalis, and then to moth. This takes about two or three weeks. After being fully formed, the moth eats its way out of one end, dries its wings in the sun, then flutters about. On leaving its cocoon the moth lays its eggs on a leaf and dies. The eggs hatch into silk worms and the process begins again.

1. The Present Perfect Tense – утворення і вживання.

2. Аналіз складу тканини та її властивостей.

3. Переклад тексту з англійської мови.

Flax seems to be the oldest of textile fibres. We know linen cloth to have been discovered in the late dwellings of the unknown inhabitants of Europe, where no traces of wool can be found. It is certainly the most lasting of fibers for considerable quantities of it are actually preserved for us in Egyptian tombs, some of which are acknowledged to be fifty centuries old.

All things considered, we may suppose linen to be the oldest textile fibre. At any rate, flax is known to have been cultivated in Egypt 5000 years ago, and for centuries it was the only textile fibre in the land.

The cultivation of the flax and spinning and weaving of the linen were illustrated on the walls of Egyptian palaces, temples and tombs. The Egyptians are known to have been dressed almost entirely in linen. For many hundreds of years Egypt was the greatest linen producing country in the world.

In later years the use of linen spread to Greece, and to Rome, where it is supposed to have been used not only for women s clothing and handkerchiefs, but also for ship sails, though not for outer garments. The Romans thought linen to be a great luxury.

Then every country in Europe began to cultivate flax, and until the second part of the eighteenth century when a number of inventions made cotton fabrics cheap, linen was the most generally used textile. Though only a little over a hundred years ago flax was the most important textile fibre, today it is supposed to rank fourth. Cotton, wool and chemical fibres are used by larger amounts.