2. Structurally morphemes fall into three types:

   • Free morpheme - one that coincides with the stem or a word-form. A great many root-morphemes are free morphemes (EX. friend —friendship)

   • Bound morphemes. Affixes are, naturally, bound morphemes (they always make part of a word, e.g. the suffixes -ness, -ship, -ise (-ize), etc., the prefixes un-,dis-, de-).

• Semi-bound morphemes - can function in a morphemic sequence both as an affix and as a free morpheme (EX. the morpheme well – do smth well / well-known).

11. Derivational analyses.

The nature, type and arrangement of the word is known as a derivative structure. According to the derivative structure all words fall into two big classes: simple (non-derived) words and complexes (or derivatives).

The basic elementary units of the derivative structure of words are: derivational bases, derivational affixes, derivational patterns. The relations between words with a common root but of different derivative structure are known as derivative relations. The derivative structure and derivative relations make the subject of study at the derivational level of analysis. it aims at establishing correlations between different types of words, the structural and semantic patterns words are built on, the study also enables one to understand how new words appear in the language.

Derivational base: Structurally derivational bases fall into three classes:

1) bases that coincide with morphological stems of different degrees of complexity, e.g. day-dream, to day-dream, daydreamer.

2) bases that coincide with word-forms; e.g. paper-bound, unsmiling, unknown.

3) bases that coincide with word-grоups of different degrees of stability, e ,g. blue-eyed, old-fashioned..

Derivational affixes: Derivational affixes possess two basic functions: 1) stem-building , 2) word-building. In most cases derivational affixes perform both functions simultaneously.

Derivational patterns: a derivational pattern is a regular meaningful arrangement, a structure that imposes rules on the order of the derivational bases and affixes that may be brought together.

There are two types of DPs — structural that specify base classes and individual affixes, and structural-semantic that specify semantic peculiarities of bases and the individual meaning of the affix.

12. Affixation

Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding derivational affixes to different types of bases. The zero degree of derivation is ascribed to simple words (EX. atom, anxious, horror). Derived words whose bases are built on simple stems + one derivational affix are described as having the first degree of derivation, (atomic, devotion), Derived words formed by two consecutive stages of adding affixes the second degree of derivation (atomical). Affixation is subdivided into suffixation and prefixation. In Modern English suffixation is mostly characteristic of noun and adjective formation, while prefixation is mostly typical of verb formation.

Prefixation is the formation of words with the help of prefixes. There are about 51 prefixes in the system of ME word-formation. The greater number of words that take prefixes are verbs – 42.4%, adjectives comprise 33,5% and nouns make up 22.4%

Two types of prefixes are to be distinguished:

1. those not correlated with any independent word (either notional or functional), e.g. un-, dis-, re-, pre-, post-, etc.;

2. those correlated with functional words (prepositions or preposition like adverbs), e.g. out-, over-, up-, under-, etc.

Suffixation is the formation of words with the help of suffixes. Suffixes usually transfer words to a different part of speech.

Noun-suffixes - -er, -dom, - ness, -tion

Adjective – -able, -less, -ful, -ic, -ous.

Verb - -en, -fy, -ise

Adverb - -ly

Compound suffixes: -ably = -able + -ly (e.g. profitably, unreasonably); -ically = -ic + -al + -ly (e.g. musically, critically); -ation = -ate + -ion (e.g. fascination, isolation) and some others.