Research

Research can mean four things in cartography. It means first, the work a cartographer does when searching out suitable data for a map, which often involves consulting sources of statistical data such as census returns. Second, it means the analysis incorporated into the mapping operation when cartography is combined with GIS; this is something that cartographers are likely to do more and more as mapping and GIS software become increasingly integrated. Third, it means the scientific study of maps and the map-making and map-reading processes, work that is usually carried out by academics in universities. And fourth, it means research in the sense of development, work geared to developing new techniques of map-making and new map products (image maps and electronic atlases, for example).

Teaching

Many people are born cartographers, in the sense that they have a natural instinct for making maps, but such is the complexity of modern cartography that not even these can hope to qualify as cartographers without formal training. Thus it is that many cartographers work as teachers in colleges and universities. There is a difference in emphasis between the two, however. Generally speaking, college instructors mount specialized programs aimed at turning out professional cartographers. Their university counterparts have a broader responsibility, and at the undergraduate level at least usually teach cartography as part of another program such as geography.

Custodianship

All cartographers have a responsibility for custodianship, that is, preserving and maintaining the results of their work, whether printed copies of their maps, original plastic overlays or digital files. Some cartographers, however, make custodianship their speciality–these are the ones who enter the field of map librarianship. Map librarians are responsible for maintaining permanent map collections, work that includes acquiring maps and atlases (and sometimes remote sensing imagery), cataloguing and filing, and providing a variety of services to users. In regular map libraries, the emphasis is on current published maps; map archives have a broader mandate and collect historical and unpublished materials also.

Summary

Cartography is a complex, an ever-changing field, but at the center of it is the map-making process. Viewed in the broadest sense, this process includes everything from the gathering, evaluation and processing of source data, through the intellectual and graphical design of the map, to the drawing and reproduction of the final document. As such, it is a unique mixture of science, art and technology and calls for a variety of in-depth knowledge and skills on the part of the cartographer. Sometimes one person directs this entire sequence of cartographic activities, but this occurs only in relatively simple cases. In the creation of a map, it is much more common for the various tasksto be split up and accomplished by several individuals.The cartographic sciences are geodesy, surveying, photogrammetry, remote sensing, geographic information systems (GIS), global positioning systems (GPS) and, of course, mathematics and statistics. In recent years, multimedia and virtual reality became part of the cartographic experience. These are all separate, though somewhat overlapping, disciplines, and they share an intimate relationship with cartography; indeed some have their own cartographic components. A working acquaintance with these fields is an essential part of the education of the modern cartographer. Cartographers are employed in map-making, and the examples in the previous section give a good indication of the kind of work this involves. Individual cartographers vary a great deal in what they do, but we can identify certain basic functions that are performed by cartographers in general. The most important of these are liaison, editing, drafting, reprographics, administration, research, teaching and custodianship. Depending on the nature and size of the organization for which the cartographer works, he or she may perform just one or several of these functions.

Vocabulary

1. accurate – точний

2. activities – діяльність

3. adjusted – відрегульований

4. area - ареал

5. agency – агентство

6. angle – кут

7. approximately – приблизно

8. axis – вісь

9. basic – основний

10. cadastre – кадастр

11. cartography – картографія

12. calculate – обчислювати

13. camera – камера

14. centimeter – сантиметр

15. concept – концепція

16. coordinate – координати

17. complex – комплекс

18. combination - комбінація

19. created – створений

20. digitally – цифровий

21. direction – напрямок

22. discipline – дисципліна

23. distributed – розподілений

24. equation – рівняння

25. equator – екватор

26. equals – дорівнює

27. ellipsoid – еліпсоїд

28. element – елемент

29. engineer – інженер

30. error – помилка

31. field – поле

32. figure – фігура

33. flattened – сплюснутий

34. framework – рамки

35. geodesy – геодезія

36. geoid – геоїд

37. geographic – географічний

38. geometric – геометричний

39. global – глобальний

40. graphic – графічний

41. hydrography - гідрографія

42. horizontal – горизонтальний

43. information – інформація

44. innumerable – незліченний

45. integrate – інтегрувати

46. irregular – нерегулярний

47. land – земля

48. latitude – широта

49. layered – шаруватий

50. level – рівень

51. line – лінія

52. location – розташування

53. long – довжина

54. longitude – довгота

55. make – зробити

56. map – карта

57. mapping – картографування

58. markers – маркери

59. meter – метр

60. monitoring – моніторинг

61. measurement – вимір

62. method – метод

63. multimedia - мультимедіа

64. navigation – навігація

65. object – об’єкт

66. operator - оператор

67. orbiting – орбітальний

68. permanently – постійно

69. plan – план

70. photogrammetry – фотограмметрія

71. points – пункт

72. positioning – позиціонування

73. process – процес

74. project – проект

75. prolate – витягнутий

76. radius – радіус

77. receiver – приймач

78. reconstruct – рекогностування

79. reference – референція

80. requiring – вимагає

81. satellite – супутник

82. scanner – сканер

83. shape – форма

84. signal – сигнал

85. size – розмір

86. statistics – статистика

87. stationary – стаціонарний

88. stations – станція

89. structure – структура

90. surface – поверхня

91. synchronized – синхронізований

92. system – система

93. technology – технологія

94. theoretical – теоретичний

95. tool – інструмент

96. traffic – трафік

97. topography - топографія

98. triangulation – тріангуляція

99. virtual – віртуальний

100. vertical – вертикальний