5. The control questions (feedback):

1. What is the necessity of studying of political science at High School?

2. Why political education and education of Kazakhstan citizens is one of actual problems of the modern period?

3. What is an object and a subject of political science?

4. What methods of research in political science you know?

5. Name the functions of political science.

6. What is the connection between the political science with other social sciences?

6. An illustrative and distributing material: multimedia display of lecture.

1. Theme №2: the Basic stages of a political science becoming

2. The aim: Acquaintance with the basic stages of development of a political idea in the Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome, a political idea of Middle Ages and the development of political idea during an epoch of New time. To consider a number of concepts of that time. For-example, the theory of the public right, the natural contract and division of authorities.

3. The plan and theses of lectures:

1. A political idea of the Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome (Platon, Aristotel, Цицерон).

2. A political idea of Middle Ages (Augustine, Avreliy, F. Akvinsky, M. Luther).

3. A political idea of an epoch of Education.

Considering the first question it is necessary to begin from studying sights of the greatest representatives of the philosophicaly-ethical concept – they are Platon and Aristotel as philosophers-encyclopaedists.

Platon (427-347. B.C.) is the founder of philosophical school in Athens, his works: "State", "Politician", "Laws". For example, in "State" Platon creates the sample of the ideal state, which will have all things arranged fairly. And there are three beginnings - reasonable, furious and leadering in human soul, corresponding to three similar beginnings of the state-consultative, protective, business which, in turn, correspond three estates-governors, soldiers, manufacturers. Thus, each beginning should be engaged in the business and not interfere with another matters.

Platon gave huge value to forms of board, allocating as correct, so wrong forms. To correct he carried a monarchy, aristocracy and democracy on the basis of laws, and to wrong - tyranny, oligarchy, democracy without laws. Platon considers aristocracy as the board noble, and democracy during decline of the state can lead to tyranny.

Aristotel has given the characteristic to forms of a state system. He wrote, that at correct forms of a state system governors mean the general useful, and at incorrect -the personal blessing. The great attention he gave to questions of the right, considered him, as the law, the political phenomenon. Aristotel wrote: «Governors, even the best governors, are subject to feelings and affects, as for the law – it is the counterbalanced reason. Aristotel’s ideas are actual till now.

Studying of the second question is connected with an epoch of the Middle Ages, namely with becoming two models of authority and statehood: divine and secular. Great representatives of the religious concept are sights of August Blazheniy (354-430гг.), stated in the composition «the Hailstones Divine» and of Foma Akvinsky (1225-1274гг), stated in works « the Sum of divinity », «About board of sovereigns », etc. Their ideas are the sample of Christian scholasticism. But it is necessary to note that the Christianity promoted to humanization of a political idea, has impregnated it with ideas of morals, proclaiming norms of a life mercy and equality. And also the Christian outlook has changed attitudes between the state and the person.

The political idea of the Muslim world in the middle Ages developed with influence of an Islam. Originally representations about the device of a society developed according to the Koran and Sunna, that is, the main sacred books of Moslems. But with occurrence in an Islam of two currents (Sunnism and Shiism) there were distinctions in understanding of authority and ways of its realization.

In Sunnism’s representation the political life of Moslems develops within the limits of the state named khalifat. Such state is headed by caliph and the representatives of Muslim communities electing and supervising caliph. Shiits treat the state as imamates which is headed by the imam- the representative of the Allah on the earth. Therefore the authority of the imam is divine and unlimited.

3 question. It is necessary to begin with the brief characteristic of Renaissance with its representatives: N.Makjyavelly, Z.Boden, T.Moor who have prepared beginning of new ideas during an epoch of Education and New time. Then consider a number of concepts of this time, for-example, the theory of the public right, the natural contract and division of authorities.

The great interest is represented with the theory of the public contract. Its basis is the statement about the state and legitimate authority results from the voluntary agreement of free people to live together and to submit laws. The main ideologists of this direction are T.Gobbs (1588-1679гг.) and Zh.Russo (1712-1778).

The remarkable political thinker of this epoch is S. Montesquieu who has stated the ideas in work: « the Persian letters », « About spirit of laws », etc. Montesquieu wrote, that occurrence of the state is connected with the advent of a private property. In Montesquieu opinion the political freedom may be in the state, where all attitudes are regulated by the right, where laws dominate over governors will, and where there is a division of authorities in the state.

The political idea of New time is full a variety. At this time there were various ideological currents: conservatism, liberalism, socialism. Conservatism has arisen in the Europe in the end of XVIII century and the beginning of XIX century. Conservatives called for restoration of a monarchy and revival of values feudal-aristocratic system. Conservatism supports to safe development of a society as the separate person, so all society. Conservatives consider the private property as a basis of economic power of the state. The state should not interfere with relations of the property.

Liberalism as ideology has been directed on creation of necessary sociopolitical conditions for intensive development of capitalism. Liberalists proved the rights and freedom, from a position of a personal freedom and an industrial competition. Among political doctrines of 19 centuries the visible place belongs to socialism. Wide popularity of this period had such thinkers as Sen-Simone, Charles Fure, Robert Ouen. The Marxism has arisen and extended in 19 century. K.Marx and F.Engels's basic idea is the results of internal development of capitalism narrow frameworks of class and national relations will be overcome, conditions for deliverance of the person will be created. One of conclusions of Marxism is that the way to a communistic society runs through a social revolution, that is, through the period of a sharp class antagonism. This revolutionary violence is inevitable, as the bourgeoisie will not give authority voluntary, so the proletariat should win it.