Stonehenge

Stonehenge is a prehistoric monument located in the English county of Wiltshire, about 2.0 miles (3.2 km) west of Amesbury and 8 miles (13 km) north of Salisbury. One of the most famous sites in the world, Stonehenge is composed of a circular setting of large standing stones set within earthworks. It is at the centre of the most dense complex of Neolithic and Bronze Age monuments in England, including several hundred burial mounds.

Archaeologists believe the iconic stone monument was constructed anywhere from 3000 BC to 2000 BC, as described in the chronology below. Radiocarbon dating in 2008 suggested that the first stones were erected in 2400–2200 BC, whilst another theory suggests that bluestones may have been erected at the site as early as 3000 BC.

The surrounding circular earth bank and ditch, which constitute the earliest phase of the monument, have been dated to about 3100 BC. The site and its surroundings were added to the UNESCO's list of World Heritage Sites in 1986 in a co-listing with Avebury Henge monument. It is a national legally protected Scheduled Ancient Monument. Stonehenge is owned by the Crown and managed by English Heritage, while the surrounding land is owned by the National Trust.

Archaeological evidence found by the Stonehenge Riverside Project in 2008 indicates that Stonehenge could possibly have served as a burial ground from its earliest beginnings. The dating of cremated remains found on the site indicate that deposits contain human bone material from as early as 3000 BC, when the initial ditch and bank were first dug. Such deposits continued at Stonehenge for at least another 500 years.

Exercise 4. Now say what are these numbers refer to: 500 years, 3000 BC, 1986, 3100

GRAMMAR COMMENT

A phrasal verb is a combination of a verb and a preposition, a verb and an adverb, or a verb with both an adverb and a preposition, any of which are part of the syntax of the sentence, and so are a complete semantic unit. back up (separable): drive a vehicle backwards (in reverse). "You're too close! Back your car up so I can open the garage door." back up ( separable): confirm a story, facts, or information. "If you don't believe me, talk to Dave. He'll back me up." face up to (inseparable): admit to; take responsibility for. "You can't pretend that you're doing OK in this course, Joe. Sooner or later, you'll have to face up to the fact that you're failing it." fall through (no object): not happen. (Note: describes something that was planned but didn't happen.) "We had originally intended to go to Mexico for our vacation, but our trip fell through when I got sick."

• Match phrasal verbs with verbs

a. I was badly beaten up when I tried to break up a fight outside a pub last night.

b. You should tell the police that it wasn’t your fault. I’ll stick up for you, don’t worry.

c. Soon there will be no import duties within the Common Market. They’re going to do away with them.

d. Government forces in Walliland have put down a revolt by a group of soldiers.

e. The business went through a lean period at the beginning of the year, but things are picking up now.

f. Looking after six kids all day has completely worn me out!

g. Many old people are taken in by bogus officials, who call their houses, find a pretence for looking round and then steal their property.

h. I was told off for being late again this morning. If it happens again, my pay gets docked.

i. We’ve bought an old house which isn’t in very good condition, but we’ll do it up bit by bit.

j. Don’t believe her when she says she’s got stomach ache. She’s putting it on. She just wants to get out of going to school.

k. I had a very unhappy childhood, but the delights of being an adult and a parent have made up for that.

l. I can’t solve the riddle at all. I give in. What’s the answer?

m. The government is going to set up an inquiry into the condition of Britain’s prisons.

n. Police have ruled out murder, but are still holding several people for questioning.

o. He’s a great mate of mine. He’s the kind of friend who’ll stand by you through thick and thin.

List of verbs.

1. compensate for ___________ 9. establish_______________

2. exhaust _________________ 10. exclude _______________

3. deceive _________________ 11.improve _______________

4. defend __________________ 12. decorate_______________

5. pretend _________________ 13. surrender ______________

6. abolish _________________ 14. support ________________

7. reprimand _______________ 15. assault ________________

8. suppress ________________

Exercise 5. You are going to hear some phrases where three words a linked together. Listen and write down the missing words.

T.7.15 [ 1.p.110.]

1. There is a towel on the floor_____ _____ _____

2. I hate this music _____ ______ _______

3. Your jacket’s on the chair ______ ______ ______

4. You don’t need a coat ______ ______ ______

5. I can’t hear the TV _______ _______ _______

6. Coffee is bad for you ______ ______ _______

Exercise 6. Listen and complete the sentences from the conversation with the words or phrases in the box.

aria audience director drum kit lines melody mikes oil painting script sketch violins

1 lt isn't a ____________, it's an ________________

2 I'm going to have a word with the_____________________

3 And I sing my_____________________

4 Where's my _______________-? I need to practise my________________

5 Can you test the -________on the __________?

Exercise 7. Complete these sentences, as in the example

Example: The Nile is a river

The Atlantic is… The Alps… Greece is… The Sahara is… The Amazon is… The Mediterranean is…

The Bahamas is… Africa is… Crete and Corsica are… Everest is the highest…in the world Michigan and Eyrie are two of the Great… The “Great Bear” is a group of…

Exercise 8. Your academy magazine is running a competition. You are invited to describe a visit to an art exhibition you really enjoyed. The winning entry will be published in the next issue and its author will be given a prize.

You may include following points:

Where you went

Who you went with

What happened during the visit

Why you liked it so much

1 Choose the right variant.

Life was hard for my grandfather’s family, but they managed to ____ by.

a) bad

b) write

c) get

d) like

2 Choose the right variant.

We must buy tickets for the concert as soon as possible, because they will _____ out very quickly.

a) sell

b) sold

c) did

d) disappear

3 Choose the right variant.

Please ____ off the TV and concentrate on your homework.

a) down

b) switch

c) it

d) gone

4 Choose the right variant.

Let’s stay here. I don’t want to ______ into my boss!

a) meet

b) bump

c) like

d) jump