Vocabulary

Capture – збирати

Store – зберігати

Implement – застосовувати

Application – прикладна програма

Remote sensing – дистанційне зондування, збір інформації шляхом аерофотозйомки

Land surveying – геодезична зйомка

Edit – редагувати, видавати

Query – запит

Urban planning – міське планування

Transfer – передавати

Exercises

1. Match the words, translate the collocations into Ukrainian and use them in your own sentences.

1. capture a) queries

2. survey b) sciences

3. create c) data

4. teach d) time

5. calculate e) land

2. Fill in the gaps using the words from the text.

1. The ………… linked to location can be stored in GIS.

2. Mapping software, aerial photography and land surveying are ………… applied in GIS.

3. GIS applications are tools used to ………… maps.

4. GIS can serve a lot of …………: cartography, criminology, geographic history, marketing and logistics.

5. Software applications are used to access ………… ………….

3. Translate the sentences into English.

1. Просторова інформація аналізується й зберігається в ГІС.

2. Додатки до ГІС-програм допомагають обробляти просторову інформацію.

3. Геоінформаційні науки викладаються в багатьох університетах.

4. ГІС використовують для знаходження територій, які потребують захисту.

5. Додатки до програмного забезпечення застосовуються для обробки геоінформації.

4. Make the following sentences Passive.

1. GIS presents and manages spatial data.

2. GIS can integrate, share and display geographic information.

3. Users create interactive queries with GIS applications.

4. Resource managers can use GIS technologies.

5. Many companies offer an entire suite of GIS tools.

5. Answer the following questions.

1. What is GIS in a strict and a more generic sense?

2. Is Geographic Information Science taught at universities?

3. What purposes does GIS serve?

4. Can GIS be used to site a new business location?

5. How can GIS databases be viewed by public?

6. Dwell on the topic “GIS in cartography”.

Самостійна робота №2

Щоби виконати самостійну роботу №2, необхідно перекласти запропонований текст, звертаючи особливу увагу на переклад –ing-форм. Користуючись рекомендованою літературою (див. с. 37), слід повторити граматичний матеріал з наступних тем:

1) Минулий неозначений час дієслова в активному стані (Past Simple Active);

2) Теперішній завершений час дієслова в активному стані (Present Perfect Active).

Щоби виконати завдання №6, використовуйте наступні слова та вирази для вираження власних думок: I think (that)…; In my view/opinion…; To my mind…; As far as I’m concerned…; I don’t really know… .

History of GIS Education

Humans have drawn maps for thousands of years in an effort to define, explain, and navigate through the world. One of the earliest books teaching geography is the Geographia written by Claudius Ptolemaeus.

Initially, geographic education focused on teaching maps. Later, GIS education was concentrated in the domain of universities. In the 1970's GIS education, along with the development of GIS software, developed at several isolated institutions such as the Computer Graphics Laboratory at Harvard University in the US, and the Experimental Cartography Unit of the Royal College of Art in the UK. At these institutions GIS education was achieved primarily through trial and experimentation as new computer algorithms and programs were developed. Eventually, advanced students and professors learned how to integrate traditional theories about spatial information, computational geometry and computer science into a set of basic concepts useful for the computer processing of spatial information.

By the mid 1980's there was a lack of workforce educated in the use, development, and application of this accelerating technology. This situation resulted in the inception of a US National Science Foundation (NSF) funded Curriculum Development Project that culminated in the development of the NCGIA Core Curriculum in GIS. This project was founded upon the premise that GIS educational opportunities could be encouraged by preparing and distributing materials to assist university instructors in developing introductory courses. While some of the potential instructors had GIS knowledge through experience with specific GIS projects, few had formal education in GIS limiting their ability to teach students about the full spectrum of topics relevant to the development, use, and application of GIS. The Core Curriculum project brought together and formalized a set of foundational topics for teaching and learning the discipline. GIS education became well established in university curricula in North America and northern Europe during the 1990's.

Currently, GIS is common in North American and UK geography departments and in European and Australian surveying departments. GIS has also been added to the curricula of Departments of Forestry, Ecology, Landscape Architecture, Regional Planning, Geology, Environmental Studies and others.