5. Squares, cubes, and roots

10² is ten squared.

10³ is ten cubed.

is the square root of 6.

6. Telephone and fax numbers

We usually give telephone and fax numbers as individual digits:

01273 736344 oh one two seven three, seven three six, three four four

344 can also be said as three double four

44 26 77 double four, two six, double seven

777 can be said as seven double seven, or seven seven seven

7. Fractions

Fractions are mostly like ordinal numbers (fifth, sixth, twenty third etc):

a third a fifth a sixth

Notice, however, the following:

a half a quarter three quarters

three and a half two and three quarters

Now read the following news item:

In an opinion poll published today, over ³/₄ of the electorate say they intend to vote in next month's referendum. ¹/₄ of voters say they will definitely vote Yes, while ¹/₃ will vote No. But that leaves over ²/₅ of the voters who haven't made up their minds. Both sides remain hopeful. A spokesman for the 'Yes' campaign said, "At the moment, ²/₃ of the electorate won't vote No." A spokeswoman for the other side replied, "That's true, but ³/₄ won't vote Yes!"

8. Calculating

Remember to pronounce the 5 in equals as /z/. It is singular; the part on the left equals the part on the right.

10 + 4 = 14 ten plus four is fourteen

ten and four equals fourteen 10-4 = 6 ten minus four is six

ten take away four equals six 10 x 4 = 40 ten times four is (or equals) forty

ten multiplied by four is forty 10 : 4 = 2 ¹/₂ ten divided by four is two and a half

+ = add = subtract (or deduct) x = multiply : = divide

Other ways of saying divide are:

per Fr/$ francs per dollar

6% p.a. six per cent per annum

over (x - y)/z x minus y, over z which is not the

same as x, minus y over z: x — y/z

9. Foreign currency

Notice these ways of speaking about exchange rates:

How many yen are there to the dollar? How many yen per dollar did you get? The current rate is about 1.6 Euros to the pound.

How would you say these dollar rates?

Dollar Rates

Australia .................1.4060-1.4070

Canada .................. 1.3756-1.3766

Hong Kong ...........7.7360-7.7370

Japan ............................ 84.96-85.01

10. Numbers as adjectives

When a number is used before a noun - like an adjective - it is always singular. We say:

a fifty-minute lesson not a fifty-minutes lesson Here are more examples:

a sixteen-week semester a thirty-five pound book

a fifteen-minute walk a six-week waiting list

a twenty-pound reduction a two and a half litre bottle

a six billion dollar loan a two litre engine

Say the following in a similar way:

1. They lent us £250,000. They gave us a

2. Our house is 200 years old. We bought a

3. We lost $50,000. We made a

4- The salmon weighed 15 pounds! I caught a

11. Review

How many of the following can you say aloud in under 1 minute?

1. 234,567

2. 1,234,567,890

3. 1.234

4. 0.00234%

5. 3.14159

6. $19.50

7. £7.95

8. 19,999

9. 1,999 years

10. In 1999

11. I think the phone number is 01227-764000.

12. Have you got a pen? Their fax number is: 00 33 567 32 49.

13. Please pay it into my account - number G4.744-440.

14. He was born in 1905 and died in 1987.

15. It's a white Lamborghini Diabolo, registration number MI 234662, and it looks as if it's doing 225 kilometres an hour!

16. 30 x 25 = 750

17. 30 / 25 = 1.20

18. x² + y³ = z

Unit 2 The three sectors of the economy

Part 1

The economic infrastructure

Assignment 1. In this extract from David Lodge's novel Nice Work, Robyn Penrose a university English lecturer, is accompanying Vic Wilcox, the managing director of a manufacturing company, on a business trip to Germany. She looks out of the aeroplane window, and begins to think about the essentially English act of making a cup of tea.

What is the key point that this extract is making about economies?

Sunlight flooded the cabin as the plane changed course. It was a bright, clear morning. Robyn looked out of the window as England slid slowly by beneath them: cities and towns, their street plans like printed circuits, scattered over a mosaic of tiny fields, connected by the thin wires of railways and motorways. Hard to imagine at this height all the noise and commotion going on down there. Factories, shops, offices, schools, beginning the working day People crammed into rush hour buses and trains, or sitting at the wheels of their cars in traffic jams, or washing up breakfast things in the kitchens of pebble-dashed semis. All inhabiting their own little worlds, oblivious of how they fitted into the total picture. The housewife, switching on her electric kettle to make another cup of tea, gave no thought to the immense complex of operations that made that simple action possible: the building and maintenance of the power station that produced the electricity, the mining of coal or pumping of oil to fuel the generators, the laying of miles of cable to carry the current to her house, the digging and smelting and milling of ore or bauxite into sheets of steel or aluminium, the cutting and pressing and welding of the metal into the kettle's shell, spout and handle, the assembling of these parts with scores of other components - coils, screws, nuts, bolts, washers, rivets, wires, springs, rubber insulation, plastic trimmings; then the packaging of the kettle, the advertising of the kettle, the marketing of the kettle to wholesale and retail outlets, the transportation of the kettle to warehouses and shops, the calculation of its price, and the distribution of its added value between all the myriad people and agencies concerned in its production. The housewife gave no thought to all this as she switched on her

kettle. Neither had Robyn until this moment, and it would never have occurred to her to do so before she met Vic Wilcox.

(David Lodge: Nice Work)

Assignment 2. In the 20th century the economy was described as consisting of three sectors:

• the primary sector: agriculture, and the extraction of raw materials from the earth;

• the secondary sector: manufacturing industry, in which raw materials are turned into finished products (although of course many of the people working for manufacturing companies do not actually make anything, but provide a service-administration, law, finance, marketing, selling, computing, personnel, and so on);

• the tertiary sector: the commercial services that help industry produce and distribute goods to the final consumers, as well as activities such as education, health care, leisure, tourism, and so on.

The text lists a large number of operations belonging to the different sectors of the economy. Classify the 18 activities from the text according to which sector they belong to:

advertising products assembling building

calculating prices cutting metal digging iron ore

distributing added value laying cables maintenance

marketing products milling metal mining coal

packaging products pressing metal pumping oil

smelting iron transportation welding metal

Can you think of three important activities to add to each list (not necessarily in relation to the kettle)?

Assignment 3. Which sector do you intend to work in or do you already work in? How do you 'fit into the total picture'?

Assignment 4. How many people in the tertiary sector have you already spoken to today (travelling to institute or shopping, eating, and so on)? What about people in the other two sectors? When did you last talk to someone who grew or produced food, for example?

Assignment 5. Study the Active vocabulary and give the Ukrainian equivalents of the words and word combinations:

1. managing director

2. manufacturing company

3. rush hour

4. maintenance of the power station

5. pumping of oil

6. mining of coal

7. laying of cable

8. smelting of ore

9. cutting and pressing of metal

10. welding of metal

11. assembling

12. wholesale and retail outlets

13. distribution of the added value

14. raw materials

15. extraction of raw materials

16. finished product

17. calculation of price

18. transportations

Assignment 6. Translate the sentences:

1. Утримання такого великого магазину потребує великих коштів.

2. Точки збуту бувають роздрібні та оптові, звичайно саме в оптових точках роздрібної торгівлі ціни нижчі.

3. На сьогоднішній день в Японії налічується 55 атомних електростанцій.

4. Євген Патон був першим у світі, хто винайшов електричне зварювання.

5. Забезпечення роботи електростанції – першочергове завдання цієї групи людей.

6. Точки роздрібної торгівлі переповнені підробленими годинниками Swatch.

7. Оман лідує за видобутком нафти у абсолютних показниках.

8. Підрахунок ціни на високотехнологічну продукцію завжди був складним процесом, який вимагав врахування багатьох факторів впливу на нього.

9. Перевезеннями у нашій компанії займається окремий відділ.

Assignment 7. Some people now describe the economy as having five sectors, consisting of information services such as computing, ICT (information and communication technologies, consultancy and R&D (research and development, particularly in scientific fields). Broader definitions add intellectual activities including culture.

Now read and discuss the text.

A nation’s economy can be divided into various sectors to define the proportion of the population engaged in the activity sector. This categorization is seen as a continuum of distance from the natural environment. The continuum starts with the primary sector, which concerns itself with the utilization of raw materials from the earth such as agriculture and mining. From there, the distance from the raw materials of the earth increases.