5) Clichés, forming a conclusion to which the reader's attention is drawn.

The author comes to the conclusion that...

The author concludes by saying...

The basic approach of the author is that, etc.

Thus, it can be said that…

Consequently,

The author makes the generalization that…

The author presents the following results.

6) Clichés, expressing personal evaluation of the information presented by the author.

Now add some details to the skeleton. They can be from the text – some interesting facts that illustrate the theory or what not. Think of some opinions of your own: what do you think of this or that idea of the author? Does this matter seem interesting to you? Does it go with your own research? Do you agree with the hypotheses presented? Let your statements be noticeable, expressive and persuading, and logical.

The value of the author’s work is in its…

The virtue of the author’s work is…

The positive aspects of the work are…

The significance of the work is…

The benefits of the work are…

The weak points of the work are…

The work has great practical significance.

The work is of interest to…

The work is interesting due to its…

The work is meant for (whom)…

I would like to point out that...

I would like to attract your attention to the following...

In my opinion this supposition (idea) is...

We should bear in mind that...

I would rather prefer to consider ... /take it like this:..

As for me I don’t think that...

I’m afraid but ...

I do not quite agree that...

I cannot but praise... (the work of this author ..., etc.)

1. Now read the text “Science: The Endless Resource” and study its sample summary. Science: the Endless Resource

Our future demands investment in our people, institutions and ideas. Science is an essential part of that investment, an endless and sustainable resource with extraordinary dividends. The Government should accept new responsibilities for promoting the flow of new scientific knowledge and the development of scientific talent in the youth. These responsibilities are the proper concern of the Government, for they vitally affect health, jobs and national security.

Discoveries in mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology and other fundamental sciences have been driven by important advances in engineering, technology, and medicine.

The principal sponsors and beneficiaries of scientific enterprise are people. Their continued support, rooted in the recognition of science as the foundation of a modern knowledge-based technological society, is essential. Scientific strength is a treasure which we must sustain and build on for the future.

To fulfill our responsibility to future generations by ensuring that our children can compete in the global economy, we must invest in the scientific enterprise. We must provide the necessary educational opportunities for each of our citizens.

Science does indeed provide an endless frontier. Science is also an endless resource: in advancing the frontier, our knowledge of the physical and living world constantly expands. The unfolding secrets of nature provide new knowledge to address crucial challenges, often in unpredictable ways. These include improving human health, creating breakthrough technologies that lead to new industries and high quality jobs, enhancing productivity with information technologies and improved understanding of human interactions, meeting our national security needs, protecting and restoring the global environment.

The challenges of the twenty-first century will place a high premium on sustained excellence in scientific research and education. We approach the future with a strong foundation, built by the wise and successful stewardship of this enterprise over many decades, and with an investment strategy that was framed as three interconnected strategic goals:

• Long-term economic growth that creates jobs and protects the environment;

• A government that is more productive and more responsive to the needs of its citizens;

• World leadership in basic science, mathematics, and engineering.

Our policies in these areas should be working to prepare the future.

Our future demands investment in our people, institutions and ideas. Science is an essential part of that investment. Our policies in these areas should be working to prepare the future.