2.New words

1. to be distinct from medicine- быть отличным от медицины

2. to provide the nurse with goals for assessment, diagnosis, and intervention.-обеспечить медсестру целями для сбора информации ,диагностики и вмешательства

3. nursing process -сестринский процесс

4. independent functions- независимые функции

5. to collect data about the client-собирать данные о пациенте

6. the assessment phase- сбор информации о состоянии здоровья пвциента

7 the nursing planning step- планирование сестринского ухода

8. the diagnosis step- сестринская диагностика

9. the implementation phase- реализация ухода

10. The evaluation step.- оценка эффективности ухода и его коррекция

11. to demonstrate accountability and responsibility to clients and families- демонстрировать ответственность и уважение пациентам и их семьям

Modern definitions and philosophies of nursing

As nursing has evolved, expanding its roles and concepts, theorists have defined nursing in many ways. Florence Nightingale addressed nursing as a discipline in 1859 and believed that the nature of nursing knowledge was distinct from medicine. Conceptual and theoretical nursing models provide knowledge to improve practice, guide research and nursing curricula, and identify the goals of nursing practice. Theory provides the nurse with goals for assessment, diagnosis, and intervention. It also provides common ground for communication and for professional autonomy and accountability. The following table describe the general focus of important theories of the philosophy of nursing. A nursing curriculum will often include one or more of these nursing theories as a part of its conceptual framework.

The term nursing process was first introduced by Lydia Hall in 1955. In 1966 Virginia Henderson identified basic nursing actions as independent functions and stated that the nursing process uses the same steps as the scientific method. Since 1973, nursing educators and clinicians began to use the five-step process model on a regular basis.

Nursing process is a systematic problem-solving method for providing individualized care for clients in all states of health. The client is viewed as an individual and a member of a social unit that includes the family and significant others. The nurse includes the client and family and significant others in each step of nursing care.

The nursing process has five interrelated steps: assessment, nursing diagnosis, planning, implementation and evaluation.

1 During the assessment phase, information about the client is gathered to identify client problems.

2The collected information is analyzed, and specific client health care problems are stated during the nursing diagnosis step.

3 During the planning step, goals expected outcomes and nursing care are planned with the client.

4Actual nursing care is delivered during the implementation phase.

5The evaluation step allows the nurse and client to evaluate the success of nursing care through achievement of client goals and expected outcomes.

Overview of nursing process

The purposes of the five-step nursing process are to establish a client data base; identify the clients health care needs; determine priorities of care, goals and expected outcomes; establish a nursing care plan and provide nursing interventions to meet client needs; and determine the effectiveness of nursing care in achieving client goals.

Relationship of steps of nursing process.

Each step of the nursing process is essential to the problem solving technique and is closely interrelated with the other four steps.

1During assessment, the nurse collects data about the client from a variety of sources. This information is used for problem identification so that planning and implementation are appropriate to the client’s needs; it is also the basis for accurate evaluation.

2Nursing diagnosis involves formulating diagnostic statements that identify the client’s health-related problems. The accuracy of these statements depends on the thoroughness of the assessment, including data collection, sorting and clustering, and validation. The identified nursing diagnoses form the framework for the nursing care plan. Nursing diagnoses thus provide the nurse with an individualized client-centered focus.

3During the planning step of the process, a care plan is formulated. It is individualized based on the assessment and nursing diagnoses. The care plan contains client goals with expected client outcomes and appropriate nursing interventions. Expected outcomes are the criteria used to evaluate the effectiveness of care.

4 Implementation is the action step of the nursing process. During this step, individualized client care is delivered according to the care plan. Interventions are continually modified as deemed necessary by an ongoing nursing assessment of the client’s responses.

5The last step of the process is evaluation. The nurse determines the client’s progress toward meeting expected outcomes and achieving goals and the success of the nursing interventions. This step provides for revision of the nursing care plan as necessary to resolve the client’s health problems.

The entire process is sequential and interrelated; each step depends on the previous one. The sequence is logical in that client information is gathered before determining the client’s health care needs. Nursing care is provided according to the plan, and nursing care is evaluated in terms of achievement of expected outcomes. It is dynamic in that any step may be reviewed and revised during evaluation. It is dynamic flexibility that allows the nurse to respond to changing client needs.

1 Answer the questions.

1.When did Florence Nightingale addressed nursing as a discipline?

2. What does theory provide the nurse with?

3. When and whom was the term nursing process first introduced by?

4. .When did nursing educators and clinicians begin to use the five-step process model on a regular basis?

5. What is Nursing process ?

6. How many interrelated steps does the nursing process have? What are they?

a) Give Russian equivalents:

1. to address nursing as a discipline-относиться к сестринскому делу как к дисциплине

2. to be distinct from medicine- быть отличным от медицины

3. to provide knowledge to improve practice, guide research and nursing curricula, and identify the goals of nursing practice- обеспечить знаниями для улучшения практики, ведения исследовательской работы и курса обучения сестринскому делу

4.to provide common ground for communication and for professional autonomy and accountability-обеспечить общими основами для общения и прфессиональной автономности и ответственности

5. to use the five-step process model on a regular basis- регулярно использовать прцесс, состоящий из пяти этапов

6. to be a systematic problem-solving method- метод систематического решения проблем

7.to include the client and family in each step of nursing care-.включать клиента и его семью в каждый этап сестринского ухода

b) Give the English equivalents:

1.сбор информации о состоянии здоровья пвциента- the assessment phase

2.сестринская диагностика- the diagnosis step

3. планирование сестринского ухода- the nursing planning step

4. реализация ухода- the implementation phase

5. оценка эффективности ухода и его коррекция- the evaluation step

6. пять этапов сестринского процесса- five steps of nursing process

Занятие №8.