Пояснения к тексту:

* to assume – зд. принимать

** in turn – в свою очередь

*** woolens – шерстяные ткани

2. Вставьте пропущенные предлоги, где это необходимо.

A) Goods can be moved directly … the producer … the consumer, but generally manufactured goods are delivered … consumers … indirect and more complicated channels. Wholesaling is a part … the marketing system standing … the manufacturer and the retailer and providing channels … goods distribution. Wholesalers buy goods … large quantities and sell them … small quantities … retailers, thus they simplify the distribution process. Dealing directly … diverse producers and trading … a large assortment of items, wholesalers … the same time trade … numerous independent retailers, so wholesaling is … great importance both … manufacturers and retailers. Small businesses are known to participate … the field of wholesaling, about one-fourth … wholesaling units accounting … one-third of total sales.

B) Thousands ... retailers are known to compete ... each other ... consumers ... the market and their major purpose is "to have the right goods ... the right place ... the right time". To be successful a retailer should distinguish itself... others and carry ... a strategy ... meeting the demands ... a specific consumer group. This strategy includes … careful consideration ... the following questions: 1) the quality ... the product to be sold; 2) the available quantity ... the product; 3) the location ... the selling place; 4) the time to make the product available; 5) the pricing ... the product; 6) product advertising (зд. рекламирование). Many kinds ... retailers such as department stores (универмаг), specialty stores (специализированный магазин), discount stores (магазин, торгующий по сниженным ценам) and others compete ... providing consumers ... a convenient time and place to buy needed goods. As retailers are able to contact ... consumers directly, the former can study and influence ... the needs and preferences ... the latter.

3. Выберите подходящее по смыслу слово из предлагаемых в скобках вариантов.

1. Special agreements (allowed / allocated) the former Soviet bloc countries’ exports of meat, fruit, dairy (молочный) goods and vegetables to rise by 10 percent a year for five years.

2. The European Community due to importing and exporting (limited / diverse) resources is considered to be a more integrated market, in which distance, information barriers and tariffs are (considerably / relatively) unimportant.

3. The country will (gain / lose) by restricting imports if the government tends to aid economically depressed domestic sectors of the economy.

4. Special care should be taken by the government to protect economic interests of the (depressed / competitive) groups of the population and reduce absolute poverty (бедность).

5. Nowadays environment management should be (adjusted / accepted) as (an unimportant / a major) factor for any country’s national development and it should be (emphasized / expanded) by scientific, technical and administrative support.

6. The (wholesaler / retailer) performs the last stage of the distribution process, for he puts the goods in the hands of the actual consumer.

7. The law of (comparative / competitive) advantage states (утверждать) that countries specialize in producing and exporting the goods that they produce at a (relative / relatively) lower cost than other countries.

8. Due to achievements of modern sciences various (advantages / innovations) applied in production cycles have greatly decreased the share of labour-consuming operations.

9. Centralized control of the production factors results from the (acceptance / exception) of an ideology that (emphasizes / gives rise to) the importance of the group of people rather than the individual.