Introducing the key ideas, facts and arguments:
the main idea of … is …
the main facts of the text are…
the author considers (describes, gives a description of, explores,
discusses, studies, investigates, examines, determines, finds, establishes,
assesses, evaluates, offers, suggests, provides, states, emphasizes, ana-
lyzes, summarizes)
the author performs detailed (careful, thorough, extensive, accu-
rate, comprehensive, brief, short, preliminary, etc) analysis of (on)…
the author thinks (believes) that…
353
the author takes unto account…
outlines
gives full coverage of
comments on…
draws one’s attention to…
reminds that…
notes that…
expresses the view that…
argues that…
voices concern about…
is sure that…
as visualized by the author
according to the author…/ in the author’s opinion
Comparing
The author makes/gives a comparison of … with…
The author makes/gives a comparison between … and…
In comparison with …
In contrast to …
Balancing Arguments
On the one hand … on the other hand…
On balance…
To weigh up…
To take into account…
One way or the other…
For and against
Pros and cons …
Either way…
Linking Ideas
To this should be added the fact that…
It should be mentioned that…
It led to…
Thus we have an opportunity to observe
In addition to …
On top of that…
To begin (to start) with
The author thinks it is right for the following reasons…
Concluding
Summing it up…/ to sum up / to summarize…
In conclusion…
354
The author winds up by saying…
By and large…
All in all…
On the whole…
In brief…
In a word…
The long and the short of it…
The author comes to (draws) a conclusion that…
In a nutshell…
It is concluded that…
It is possible to conclude that…
It may be noted (stated) that…
As a result…
Consequently…
Thus…
From Nerd to Networker
By Denise Winterman (BBC News Magazine)
Being a boffin1 is no longer going to get graduates the well-paid jobs
they want− the stakes have been raised. As well as academic success,
employers want people who are able to communicate properly, work as
part of a team, are culturally aware and can lead others− skills gained
outside the lecture theatre, says Carl Gilleard, chief executive of the As-
sociation of Graduate Recruiters (AGR).
Traditionally the boffin or nerd was hired for their brains but put in a
backroom job and didn't have to communicate much. But those jobs are
now few and far between. Employees have to communicate all the time
with colleagues and clients so companies want people who can do that
effectively. They have higher expectations now.
For those who spend more time with computers than with fellow hu-
mans, here's the quick guide to brushing up on the social skills required
to get ahead in business.
Communicating. Mumbling2, avoiding eye contact, talking to their
shoes – the boffin’s biggest challenge can often be talking to another
human being. They can decipher3 the most complicated equation but
trying to work out the social etiquette required to converse with someone
else leaves them baffled – and making small talk can be plain scary. The
only way to improve communication skills is to get out of the house and
actually talk to someone. Following a formula called OPEN should set
the socially inept well on their way. It stands for ‘occupation, personal,
environment and non-work activities.’ Use these four areas as the basis
of a conversation and the chat should flow. It’s all aimed at encouraging
small talk.
355
Team Working. Some students are so focused on one thing− getting
their degree− it can come as no surprise when they are no good at team
activities after leaving university. They need to get involved in different
social groups and mix. At first they will be awful but they will eventually
learn the skills they need to be a good team player. Those skills include
being a good listener and being assertive, but in a way that is respectful
to other people.
Leadership. The ability to lead and inspire a team of people is essen-
tial in a lot of jobs. To improve this skill, seek out a role model. Look for
someone who has good leadership skills in your own office and watch
what they do and what they say. It’s called modeling.
Cultural Awareness. Often the day-to-day life of a boffin involves a
lot of isolation. But in today’s global community, graduates will have to
work with people or deal with clients from many different backgrounds.
Ignorance can result in an embarrassing faux pas5.
Notes
1) boffin = nerd n – исследователь, ученый; человек с всепоглощающим
стремлением к учебе, научной деятельности
2) mumble v – бормотать
3) decipher v – расшифровывать, разгадывать
4) small talk – светский разговор
5) faux pas – ложный шаг, ошибка
Summary
Denise Winterman, the author of the article “From Nerd to Net-
worker” published in BBC News Magazine emphasizes the significance
of good communication skills for everyone who wants to have a success-
ful business career. Being an expert in a professional area is not enough;
most jobs nowadays require effective communication.
The article contains a brief guide to the social skills needed to be
ahead in business. According to the author, the four skills are essential –
communicating, team working, leadership and cultural awareness.
In terms of face-to-face communication even the most knowledgeable
boffins might have difficulties in small talk. To solve the problem the
use of the formula OPEN is recommended that stands for ‘occupation,
personal, environment and non-work activities‘, suggesting the range of
topics for small talk.
The other skill is ability to work in a team which might be difficult for
a person concentrated on solving a particular task. Being a good team
player implies being a good listener, being assertive but respectful to others.
To improve leadership skills the author suggests a modeling tech-
nique, i.e. finding a role model with good leadership skills to watch and
follow.
356
Finally, in modern globalized business environment cultural aware-
ness will help a person to avoid mistakes in dealing with colleagues com-
ing from different cultures.
Abstract
The article discusses the significance of good communication skills
for success in modern business environment. The author gives a few
practical recommendations on developing such social skills as small talk,
team working, leadership and cultural awareness. A formula encourag-
ing small talk is suggested. The usefulness of a modeling technique for
improving leadership skills is shown. The importance of raising cultural
awareness to function in global business community is emphasized.
357
ANSWER KEYS
Part I
Unit 1. Economics
Language
9. applicable, small, wonderful, beautiful, funny, green, produces, limits, any-
where, rooms, weak, childish, tiny, not, ancient, young.
10. competition, prices, system, quantities, consume, scarce, people, item, low,
available, demand, reaction, supply, sufficient, needs, natural
11. 1 – within; 2 – on; 3 – with; 4 – under; 5 – over; 6 – for; 7 – –; 8 – far
beyond; 9 – for; 10 – to; 11 – for; 12 – at; 13 – in; 14 – on; 15 – on; 16 – to;
17 – with.
16. 1 – j; 2 – k; 3 – h; 4 – m; 5 – a; 6 – i; 7 – l; 8 – b; 9 – f; 10 – g; 11 – c; 12 – d;
13 – e.
18. were growing, were developing, were organized, called, were, were financed,
supported, expected to protect, were developing, involved were dependent, to trade,
financing, organizing, had, sailing, get, trade, went, had been playing, continued, to
play, financing, establishing, supporting, was, to protect, had evolved, was marked,
be classified, encouraged, limited, legitimized, financed, limited, to protect, fa-
voured, allowed, to operate, kept, was not allowed, to respond.
Unit 2. Goods and Services
Reading
Text 2. 1 – 3; 2 – 10; 3 – 8; 4 – 7; 5 – 2; 6 – 4; 7 – 6; 8 – 5; 9 – 1, 10 – 9.
Text 6. 1 – F; 2 – F; 3 – F; 4 – F; 5 – F; 6 – T; 7 – F; 8 – T; 9 – F; 10 – F.
Language
4. green, profound, maximum, following, across, quantity, beautiful, clever, cher-
ry, well, boring, annually, narrow, future, raw, plus.
6. 1 – a; 2 – b; 3 – c; 4 – d; 5 – j; 6 – i; 7 – h; 8 – e; 9 – f; 10 – g.
7. classify, generalization, customers, products, tangible, durable, nondurable,
example, service, temporary, intangible, manufacture.
8. process, raw, broad, scope, movement, storage, needed, production, planning,
physical, occur, getting, customers, transportation, companies, distribution.
12. 1 – before; 2 – of; 3 – to; 4 – due to; 5 – with; 6 – at; 7 – on; 8 – to; 9 – at;
10 – for; 11 – on; 12 – in, for; 13 – on; 14 – in, of; 15 – into; 16 – in.
15. 1. them meeting their partners at the airport. 2. the price to increase so fast.
3. us to purchase the equipment at a higher price. 4. you to check the data once
again. 5. us to do it ourselves. 6. them to begin the manufacturing of new goods at the
end of the year. 7. them discussing a new product with the director of the firm. 8. you
to begin the development of a new package for your goods. 9. these goods to become
out-of-date so soon. 10. to make the list of services your firm can offer to its clients.
Unit 3. Business Organization
Language
4. 1. multinational 2. parent company 3. associated company 4. commercial
5. venture 6. company 7. corporations 8. subsidiaries 9. acquisition 10. big business
11. conglomerates 12. mergers 13. shares 14. chairperson 15. chief executive;
358
5. 1. image 2. ladder 3. performance 4. culture 5. governance 6. strategy 7. col-
lapses 8. logo;
6. 1. collapses 2. culture 3. strategies 4. ladder 5. governance 6. performance
7. logo; image;
7. to; with; of; in; into; of; in; of; at; into; for; of; of; with; from; among; to; at;
on; to;
8. 1 – b; 2 – a; 3 – g; 4 – f; 5 – t; 6 – d; 7 – c;
11. 1. multinationals 2. a holding company 3. a conglomerate 4. entrepreneur
5. board of directors 6. partnership 7. property 8. a franchise 9. private corporation
10. Takeover;
13. in; very; the; be; the; too; that; the; that; to; one’s; many; in; of; which; to;
the; as; up; the;
14. has grown; observes; forced; forced; divides; began; have seen; were; has
opened; rose; has increased; has also pushed; have always been; has just been built;
have pulled;
15. 1. who 2. who 3. who 4. who 5. who; which 6. which; who 7. which 8. which
9. which 10. what 11. what 12.who;
17. the; the; a; the; the; a; the; the; the; the; the; the; a; the; the; the; an; the; the;
the; a; a; a; a; the; the; a; the; the; a; the;
Unit 4. Small Business. Entrepreneurship
Reading
Text 2
2. 1 – c: 2 – d; 3 – b; 4 – a.
Language
3. 1 possibility; 2 aware; 3 familiarity; 4 effective; 5 necessary; 6 willingness;
7 certain; 8 certain; 9 difficulty; 10 clear; 11 formalities; 12 personal; 13 creative.
6. 1 – i; 2 – d; 3 – h; 4 – f; 5 – b; 6 – c; 7 – j; 8 – g; 9 – a; 10 – e.
7. 1 – d; 2 – f; 3 – h; 4 – g; 5 – a; 6 – c; 7 – b; 8 – e.
8. pursue a dream, assume a risk, recognize an opportunity, own a company, make
a profit, establish priorities, set goals, cut a budget, grant a loan.
10. 1 on/in; 2 with; 3 in; 4 with; 5 at; 6 on; 7 with, on, for; 8 of; 9 with; 10 of.
11. 1 – f; 2 – i; 3 – j; 4 – g; 5 – l; 6 – a; 7 – e; 8 – d; 9 – b; 10 – c; 11 – h;
12 – k.
13.
1) a – U business; b – C a business; c – U business; d – C businesses; e –
U business; f – C businesses; g – C a business; h – U business; i – C a business;
j – C businesses; k – U business.
2) a – C ventures; b – U venture; c – C ventures.
3) a – C a(n) enterprise; b – U enterprise; c – C an enterprise; d – U enterprise;
e – C a(n) enterprise; f – U enterprise (2); g – C enterprises.
14. 1 survival; 2 entrepreneurs; 3 premises; 4 business plan; 5 incubation; 6 a fee;
7 incubators; 8 venture capital; 9 start-up; 10 success rate; 11 assistance.
16. 1 tiring; 2 shocking; 3 shocked; 4 challenging; 5 challenged; 6 excited; 7 ex-
citing; 8 disappointed; 9 interested; 10 depressed; 11 confusing; 12 rewarding; 13 in-
spiring.
17. 1 are thinking; 2 am dealing; 3 owns; 4 costs; 5 are…staying, don’t know, deals;
6 are taking; 7 is getting; 8 am coming; 9 come; 10 is always breaking down; 11 expect;
12 ‘m expecting; 13 is growing; 14 isn’t selling.
359
18. 2 will be needed; 3 is distributed; 4 are sent back; 5 is offered; 6 is analysed.
19. 1 – the; 2 – a; 3 – the; 4 – –; 5 – –; 6 – a; 7 – the; 8 – –; 9 – a; 10 – the;
11 – –; 12 – an; 13 – a; 14 – the; 15 – a; 16 – a; 17 – –; 18 – the; 19 – a; 20 – a.
20. 1 own; 2 in; 3 staff; 4 though; 5 be; 6 ago; 7 so; 8 their; 9 used; 10 have;
11 able; 12 off; 13 have; 14 despite; 15 number; 16 has; 17 result; 18 by; 19 next;
20 into.
Unit 5. Employment
Language
4. 1 – g, 2 – c, 3 – h, 4 – f, 5 – d, 6 – b, 7 – a, 8 – e.
6. 1. authority, authorized; 2. apply, application, applicants; 3. promotion, pro-
moted; 4. description, describes; 5. base; 6 competing; 7. determination; 8. required,
requirements; 9. qualified, qualifying; 10. recruitment.
8. dissatisfied, unsatisfied, dissatisfaction; motivating, unmotivated, motivation;
fulfilment, fulfils, unfulfilled; inspiring, inspirator, inspirational; frustration, frus-
trating, frustrated.
10. 1 – b, 2 – e, 3 – d, 4 – a, 5 – f, 6 – c.
11. A. have been conducted, to be perceived, are entered, were given, were paid,
were paid, are reduced. B. to have it repaired, did not have it prepared, to have it
fixed, to have it mended, to have them checked.
13. 2. agency 3. positions 4. posts 5. application 6. shortlist 7. interview 8. apply
9. payroll 10. personnel 11. companies 12. manual 13. resources 14. staff 15. finance
16. earn 17. minimum 18. tips 19. bonus. 20. company 21. pension
14. 3. interrupting 4. to meet 5. to spend. 6. entering 7. speakng 8. living 9. listing
10. to bring 11. to live 12. working 13. to support 14. being delayed 15. explaining
15. 1. flexitime 2. shift 3. telecoworking 4. freelance 5. contract 6. job sharing
16. 1 – b, 2 – d, 3 – a, 4 – d, 5 – b, 6 – c, 7 – d, 8 – a, 9 – c, 10 – a, 11 – c,
12 – a, 13 – d, 14 – b, 15 – b.
Unit 6. Women in Business
4. 1. must 2. were able to 3. needn`t have, couldn`t have 4. should have, would
have 5. need 6. has to, must, 7. must 8. could, have to 9. could 10. should have
11. must 12. needs, should 13. could 14. must 15. must have, could
5. 1. highly 2. firmly 3. deeply 4. much 5. vastly 6. bitterly 7. greatly 8. widely 9. to-
tally 10. broadly 11. utterly 12. entirely 13. utterly 14. completely 15. fully 16. strictly
10. 1. care, site, sitters 2. time 3. workers 4. time 5. hour 6. sacrifice 7. pay 8. neut-
ral, integrated 9. paying 10. worth
Part II
Unit 1. Management
Language
2. 1. manager 2. managerial 3. management 4. managed 5. manageress 6. mana-
geable 7. manageability 8. managing 9. managership 10. managing 11. manage 12. ma-
nageable;
4. theory X – b, d; theory Y – a, c;
6. of; for; of; from; in; to; in; of; at; on; by; of; from; of; in; on; of; toward; from;
from;
7. set; attract; attitudes; objectives; supply and demand; procedures; needs; know-
ledge; goals; minorities; the company; applicants; maintain; reputation; the pool;
360
advertisements; potential; individuals; name; blind ads; applicant; permit; logo; em-
ployees; ads, business; attention; employee; to recruits;
8. have; the; one; to; been; the; of; its; there; to; them;
9. 1. recruitment policy 2. employee 3. personnel 4. human resource plan-
ning 5. human resource management 6. management ability 7. leader 8. theory X
9. theory Y 10. hierarchy 11. bonus 12. workforce 13. age discrimination;
15. have long been intrigued; work; helps; motivates; enables; derives; behaves;
moves; says; does; refers; gives; attempt; are; occurs; make; want; is eroding;
16. the; –; the; a; –; the; a; the; the; the; a; –; a; a; a; the; –; the; –; the; –;
17. 1. should; must 2. can 3. must; must 4. should 5. should 6. can 7. can 8. may
9. must 10. must;
Unit 2. Marketing
Language
3. 1.market 2. marketer 3. marketing 4. marketability 5. marketing 6. market
7. market 8. market 9. marketing 10. Market 11. marketing 12. marketable 13. mar-
keteer 14. market 15. marketed;
4. production; products; produce; production; production; product; produc-
tion; production;
7. 1. consumerism 2. compete 3. market price 4. marketing mix 5. marketeer
6. consumer 7. market research 8. market forces 9. central markets 10. channel
11. market development 12. target market 13. middlemen 14. substitutes 15. market
penetration 16. trademark 17. market segmentation;
8. from; of; with; of; with; of; at; through; of; in; in; by; of; with; for; after; for;
for; of; in; for; on; in; with; to; with; to; on;
9. marketing; advertising; defined; delivery; broad; between; obvious; focuses
on; welfare; set of; social; perform; making; company; supports; activities; ad-
vanced; needs; items; marketing system; middlemen; question; exists; definitions;
micro-marketing; macro-marketing;
11. 1c; 2a; 3b; 4e; 5f; 6d;
12. an; a; these; that; had; first; to; up; of; the; their; their; to; on;
15. 1. the 2. the, the, the 3. the, –, the, – 4. a, – 5. –, the 6. the 7. the, the, a 8. –,
the, the 9. the, the, – 10. the an, a, –, a 11. a, a, the 12. –, –;
16. meeting; to serve; to meet; accomplishing; identifying and selecting; opening;
sharing; sharing;
Unit 3. Advertising
Language
2. 1. advertorials 2. advertise 3. advertisement 4. adverts 5. advertising 6. adverti-
sers 7. ad 8. advertising 9. advertiser 10. advertising 11. Ad; advert, advertisement
12. advertisers;
5. 1f; 2h; 3i; 4a; 5j; 6b; 7c; 8l; 9d; 10e; 11 g; 12k;
6. 1. advertising 2. advertising agency 3. media 4. nonprofit advertising 5. post-
testing advertising 6. pre-testing advertising 7. promotion 8. junk mail 9. advertising
campaign 10. logo 11. hoarding 12. publicity;
7. 1. billboards 2. a junk mail 3. newspapers 4. TV 5. Spam;
9. at; in; in; for; with; on; with; to; in; with; from; to; of; of; of; in; at; with; in; on;
10. for; the; be; the; to; very; an; of; the; the; the; this;
361
12. wait; seems; is convinced; was; has decided; is ditching; sought; was worth;
faces up; has briefed; will be shown; includes; voted; will be; spends; has run; has
used; is; is trying; continues; has stalled;
14. 1. can; might 2. must 3. may 4. can 5. can 6. may/might 7. must 8. could 9. can
10. can 11. may 12. must 13. must 14. can;
15. the; the; a; a; a; the; –; –; the; the; the; the; the; the; the; the; the; –; –; the;
the; the; a; the; –;
16. making; to build; to run; transforming; setting up; to bring; to reflect; creating;
deciding; to appear; returning; to change; launching; drinking; to expand;
Unit 4. Banking
Language
3.1. any 2. some, any 3. any 4. no, some 5. some 6. other 7. other 8. one, other
4. 1. many 2. a little 3. much 4. few 5. many 6. a few 7. little 8. few 9. much
5. 1. install 2. use 3. pays 4. have appeared 5. look 6. are competing 7. develop
8. lends 9. obtain 10. receives, receive 11. buys 12. increases 13. will extend 14. will
invest 15. will secure
7. 1. can 2. need 3. have to 4. may 5. had to 6. can 7. need 8. may 9. must
9. 1. encodes 2. checked 3. selects 4. swipe 5. guarantee 6. collect 7. authorize
8. confirm 9. report 10. transfered
13. 1. payment, payment, paid 2. accordingly 3. to accept, paid 4. accordance
5. failure, due 6. acceptance, due, payment 7. accept, payment 8. dually, to supply,
suppliers
Unit 5. Accounting
Text 5.
4. D; A; F; C; K; G; H; L; I; M; J; B; E.
Language
5. 1. unprofitable, 2. misunderstandings, 3. unsuccessful, 4. undesirable, 5. undeci-
ded, 6. incorrect, 7. deregulation, 8. underestimated, 9. irreplaceable, 10. abnormally,
11. discontinue, 12. abusing, 13. misappropriating
6. 1 – e; 2 – g; 3 – a; 4 – i; 5 – b; 6 – f; 7 – c; 8 – h; 9 – d.
7. 1 – i; 2 – a; 3 – d; 4 – e; 5 – h; 6 – b; 7 – c; 8 – f; 9 – g.
9. 1 – e; 2 – g; 3 – b; 4 – h; 5 – j; 6 – l; 7 – c; 8 – d; 9 – a; 10 – f.
11. 1. assets; 2. budget; 3. depreciation; 4. balance sheet; 5. ledgers; 6. purchases;
7. stock; 8. debtors; 9. creditor; 10. profit; 11. loan; 12. audit.
12. a – 2; b – 7; c – 13; d – 1; e – 3; f – 11; g – 12; h – 5; i – 4; j – 6; k – 8;
l – 9; m – 10.
14. 2 had been; 3 did you get; 4 finished (or had finished); 5 went; 6 hadn’t
decided; 7 were; 8 was looking; 9 gave; 10 ‘d already taken; 11 completed; 12 sent;
13 interviewed; 14 felt; 15 changed; 16 went; 17 was working; 18 was becoming (or
had become); 19 didn’t have; 20 had.
15. 2 roughly the same; 3 considerably more; 4 similar; 5 different; 6 a lot; 7 by
far; 8 twice as much; 10 a little.
Unit 6. Finance
Language
7. не терять голову; держаться незаметным; внимательно следить за кем-то;
выполнять несколько работ одновременно; держаться подальше от кого-то;
мужественно переносить трудности; сохранять спокойствие; разузнавать; не
362
терять голову; молиться за кого-то; стараться выжить; напряженно работать;
держать порох сухим; сдержать слово; держать кого-то в неизвестности; из-
бегать дружеских отношений.
8. 1 – at; 2 – of; 3 – to; 4 – at; 5 – in, with; 6 – for; 7 – from; 8 – to; 9 – for;
10 – for, of; 11 – into, with; 12 – at; 13 – in; 14 – by; 15 – to; 16 – on; 17 – at;
18 – within/in; 19 – in, by, on, over; 20 – for;
10. 1 – f; 2 – h; 3 – e; 4 – a; 5 – d; 6 – i; 7 – c; 8 – g; 9 – j; 10 – k; 11 – b.
11. 1. Business can raise money either through debt or equity. 2. Raising money
can mean becoming very dependent on lenders. 3. The greatest risk in business is
the risk of simply doing nothing. 4. If you current, relevant and reliable information
at your finger tips, then you have a much better chance of managing risk. 5. Raising
money depends on the economy, on the concept of your business and on having the
right people in your business.
15. gives, to buy, to sell, guarantees, doesn’t guarantee, give, allows, to instruct,
to buy, to sell, use, are interested, changing, prevents, buying, selling, guarantees,
lets, instruct, has fallen, to prevent, use, are concerned, is falling, is used, to protect,
is place, are asked, want, to be, allows, to choose, remains.
17. forces, outcomes, prices, percentage, purchasing, index, factors, stock,
output, rates, productivity, rate, redistribution, activities, inflation, compensation,
amount, income, cost, interaction, level, government, currency, terms, quotation,
value, market, agencies, combination, cause.
19. cold, tiny, yellow, as a rule, pet, gratefully, towards, marketing, compromising,
supecious, small sized, against, buying, thousand, unique, according to, recently,
keep, subdivided, no, selling.
Unit 7. Business Law
Reading
Text 4. 1 – 3; 2 – 2; 3 – 6; 4 –4; 5– 1; 6 – 5; 7 – 7.
Text 7. 1 – F; 2 – T; 3 – F; 4 – F; 5 – F; 6 – T; 7 – F; 8 – T; 9 – T; 10 – T.
Language
8. 1 – e; 2 – f; 3 – a; 4 – b; 5 – j; 6 – c; 7 – g; 8 – d; 9 – h; 10 – i; 11 – k.
10. 1 – in, on; 2 – in, of; 3 – for; 4 – of, of, for; 5 – from; 6 – through, of;
7 – on/upon; 8 – to; 9 – to, by; 10 – for; 11 – to; 12 – despite; 13 – on; 14 – to;
15 – in, for; 16 – at; 17 – due to.
11. навредить репутации, терять позиции, падать духом, потерпеть пораже-
ние, терять хладнокровие, выжить из ума, выйти из себя, заблудиться в трех
соснах, преувеличивать, проводить радикальные изменения, произвести хо-
рошее впечатление, легко и быстро получить большой доход, преувеличи-
вать важность чего-то, сделать себе имя, делать из мухи слона, сводить концы
с концами, добиться успеха, пан или пропал, делать кого-либо счастливым,
сделать карьеру, поднимать нужный вопрос, вносить оживление (оказывать
влияние).
14. bankruptcy, company, assets, whom, debts, secured, among, organization,
money, declared, sold, according, each, further.
15. 11 – f; 2 – e; 3 – g; 4 – a; 5 – b; 6 – c; 7 – d; 8 – h; 9 – I; 10 – k; 11 – j;
12 – l; 13 – m.
16. to protect; case law; information; generally; measures; substantial; ideas;
criteria; formula; registration; the public; trade secrets.
363
REFERENCES
1. Adamson J.E. Basic Law and the Legal Environment of Business.
Chicago, 1995.
2. Betten L. International Labour Law. Kluwer, 1993.
3. Block S.B., Hirt G.A. Foundations of Financial Management, 7th ed.
Burr Ridge, Illinois, 1994.
4. Business and society: Corporate strategy, public policy, ethics //
Frederick William C., K. Davis, J.E. Post, 6th ed. New York: McGraw-
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СОДЕРЖАНИЕ
П р е д и с л о в и е .............................................................................................. 3
PART I ................................................................................................................ 5
Unit 1. Economics................................................................................................ 5
Text 1 .................................................................................................... 5
Text 2..................................................................................................... 6
Text 3..................................................................................................... 8
Text 4..................................................................................................... 9
Text 5................................................................................................... 11
Text 6................................................................................................... 12
Text 7................................................................................................... 13
Unit 2. Goods and services.................................................................................. 24
Text 1................................................................................................... 24
Text 2................................................................................................... 25
Text 3 .................................................................................................. 27
Text 4................................................................................................... 28
Text 5................................................................................................... 30
Text 6................................................................................................... 31
Unit 3. Business organization.............................................................................. 41
Text 1................................................................................................... 41
Text 2................................................................................................... 42
Text 3................................................................................................... 44
Text 4................................................................................................... 45
Text 5................................................................................................... 47
Unit 4. Entrepreneurship. Small business ............................................................ 60
Text 1................................................................................................... 61
Text 2................................................................................................... 64
Text 3................................................................................................... 66
Text 4................................................................................................... 68
Text 5................................................................................................... 69
Unit 5. Employment ........................................................................................... 84
Text 1................................................................................................... 84
Text 2................................................................................................... 86
Text 3................................................................................................... 88
Text 4................................................................................................... 89
Text 5................................................................................................... 91
Text 6................................................................................................... 92
Unit 6. Women in business .................................................................................104
Text 1..................................................................................................105
Text 2..................................................................................................107
Text 3..................................................................................................109
Text 4..................................................................................................111
Text 5..................................................................................................112
Text 6..................................................................................................113
PART II............................................................................................................126
Unit 1. Management .........................................................................................126
Text 1..................................................................................................126
Text 2..................................................................................................127
Text 3..................................................................................................128
366
Text 4..................................................................................................130
Text 5..................................................................................................132
Text 6..................................................................................................133
Text 7..................................................................................................135
Unit 2. Marketing .............................................................................................147
Text 1..................................................................................................147
Text 2..................................................................................................149
Text 3..................................................................................................150
Text 4..................................................................................................153
Text 5..................................................................................................156
Unit 3. Advertising ............................................................................................168
Text 1..................................................................................................168
Text 2..................................................................................................169
Text 3..................................................................................................171
Text 4..................................................................................................173
Text 5..................................................................................................175
Text 6..................................................................................................176
Unit 4. Banking.................................................................................................187
Text 1..................................................................................................187
Text 2..................................................................................................190
Text 3..................................................................................................192
Text 4..................................................................................................194
Text 5..................................................................................................196
Unit 5. Accounting ........................................................................................... 205
Text 1..................................................................................................206
Text 2..................................................................................................207
Text 3..................................................................................................209
Text 4..................................................................................................212
Text 5..................................................................................................213
Text 6..................................................................................................215
Unit 6. Finance .................................................................................................226
Text 1..................................................................................................226
Text 2..................................................................................................229
Text 3................................................................................................. 230
Text 4................................................................................................. 232
Text 5................................................................................................. 234
Text 6..................................................................................................236
Text 7..................................................................................................239
Unit 7. Business law ......................................................................................... 250
Text 1................................................................................................. 250
Text 2................................................................................................. 252
Text 3................................................................................................. 254
Text 4..................................................................................................256
Text 5................................................................................................. 258
Text 6..................................................................................................260
Text 7..................................................................................................263
Supplementary reading ..................................................................................... 274
Appendix. Guidelines to Summarizing and Abstracting ....................................... 352
Answer keys ..................................................................................................... 358
R e f e r e n c e s ................................................................................................364
367
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Бедрицкая Людмила Владимировна
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Сидоренко Галина Ивановна
Солонович Татьяна Федоровна
ПРАКТИЧЕСКИЙ КУРС
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Компьютерная верстка К. Н. Иваш
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368
