The system of part of speech

PART OF SPEECH	SEMANTICAL	FORMAL	FUNCTIONAL
Adverb	Secondary property	The forms of the degrees of comparison for qualitative adverbs	Adverbial modifier (обстоятельство)
Adjective	Categorical meaning of property	Invariable, some have form degrees of comparison (long, longer. longest).	Adjectives combine with nouns both preceding and (occasionally) following them (large room, times immemorial).
Pronoun	Some of them have categorical meaning of nouns, others of adjectives.	Different types. Some of them have the category of number (singular and plural), e.g. this, while others have no such category, e.g. somebody. Again, some pronouns have the category of case (he-him, somebody, - somebody’s), while other have none (something)	(a) combine with verbs (he speaks, find him), with a following noun (this room) (b) In the sentence, some pronouns may be the subject (he, what) or the object, while others are the attribute (my). Pronouns can be predicative.
Numerals	Numerals denote either number or place in a series.	Numerals are invariable	(a) As far as phrases go, both cardinal and ordinal numerals combine with a following noun (three rooms, third room); occasionally a numeral follows a noun (soldiers three, George the Third). (b) In a sentence, a numeral most usually is an attribute (three rooms, the third room), but in can also be subject, predicative, and object: Three of them came in time; “We Are Seven” (the title of a poem by Wordsworth); I found only four.

Adverb has the categorical meaning of the secondary property (i.e. the property of process or another property); the forms of the degrees of comparison for qualitative adverbs, the specific derivative suffixes; the syntactic functions of various adverbial modifiers.

Adjective

1. Meaning – property.

2. Form. Invariable, some have form degrees of comparison (long, longer. longest).

3. Function. Adjectives combine with nouns both preceding and (occasionally) following them (large room, times immemorial).

a preceding adverb (very large)

a preceding verb (married young can be followed by the phrase “preposition + noun” (free from danger). an attribute (large room) or a predicative (is large), objective predicative (painted the door green).

Pronoun

Pronoun is a part of speech which attract some more attention, because some of them have categorical meaning of nouns, others of adjectives.

1. some pronouns share essential peculiarities of nouns (e.g. he), other of adjectives (e.g. Which). Pronouns point to the things and properties without naming them.

2. Form. Different types. Some of them have the category of number (singular and plural), e.g. this, while others have no such category, e.g. somebody. Again, some pronouns have the category of case (he-him, somebody, - somebody’s), while other have none (something)

3. Function. (a) combine with verbs (he speaks, find him), with a following noun (this room) (b) In the sentence, some pronouns may be the subject (he, what) or the object, while others are the attribute (my). Pronouns can be predicative.

Numerals

1. Numerals denote either number or place in a series.

2. Numerals are invariable

3. (a) As far as phrases go, both cardinal and ordinal numerals combine with a following noun (three rooms, third room); occasionally a numeral follows a noun (soldiers three, George the Third). (b) In a sentence, a numeral most usually is an attribute (three rooms, the third room), but in can also be subject, predicative, and object: Three of them came in time; “We Are Seven” (the title of a poem by Wordsworth); I found only four.

A Noun

Categorical meaning of “substance”

Categorical syntactic properties: usually subject

Grammatical categories of a noun: gender, number, case

Category of gender. The category of gender in English is expressed with the help of the obligatory correlation of nouns with the personal pronouns of the third person. This category is widely disputed.

• Any grammatical category can be distinguished only on the basis on two oppositions:

1. form

2. meaning

e.g. boy – girl – only different meaning; cat-cats – meaning form or live-lived-living

Alongside of the grammatical (or lexico-grammatical) gender dinctinctions, English nouns can show the sex of their referents also lexically with the help of special lexical markers, e.g.: bull-calf I cow-calf, cock-sparrow, lion-lioness.