Theoretical Grammar Test 1 general nOtions

Correlation between the types of grammatical meaning and their definitions:

Explicit meaning	is the meaning of the whole word-class, of a part of speech;
General meaning	is the meaning of a subclass within the same part of speech;
Dependent meaning	is always marked morphologically and has its marker.

Philology	is the description of grammar rules that are necessary to understand and formulate sentences;
Linguistics	deals with different time-periods in the development of lingual elements as well as language as a whole;
Practical grammar	comprises linguistics and literary criticism;
	is the study of language system, its structure.

3. The unity of … as its constituent parts forms a language.

a) the phonological system and the grammatical system ;

b) the semantic and syntactical system ;

c) the phonological system, the lexical system and the grammatical system ;

d) the lexical and syntactical systems.

4. Grammar does not study … .

a) word-forms ;

b) sentence-patterns;

c) pragmatic (stylistic) value of words (ex. a jerk – an offensive term (slang);

d) transposition of word-forms (ex. all the family have gathered to…);

5. Charles Fries and his infamous part of speech classification into four major positional classes represent ………… approach in Grammar Studies.

6. Proper correlation between the term and its definition:

Theoretical grammar	is the study of the structure and content of word forms;
Morphology	analyses various facts of the language (grammatical categories, the mechanism of utterance formation out of words in the process of speech-making);
Syntax	is coexistence of lingual elements, representation of the language at a definite stage of historical development;
Synchrony	deals with the external functions of words and their relationship to other words within the linearly ordered units;
Diachrony	deals with different time-periods in the development of lingual elements as well as language as a whole.

7. The aim of theoretical grammar is … .

a) to describe grammar rules that are necessary to understand and make sentences;

b) to analyze semantic structure of words and paradigmatic relations within vocabulary;

c) to describe and analyze the grammatical system of a language;

d) to describe the means of word formation and word-building patterns.

8. Each period in English Grammar studies can be described as follows:

Prescriptive Grammar	is the objective study of a language structure, without reference to meaning and other languages which relies heavily on formal methods of analysis.
Classical Scientific Grammar	focuses on the communicative, as opposed to cognitive, aspect of language and views grammar as a means to realize the three major language metafunctions.
Structuralism	is characterized by patterning after Latin and by the use of logic and subjective opinion in classifying words and in establishing grammatical categories.
Transformational-generative grammar	studies possible sentences, i.e. the speaker’s-hearer’s knowledge of a language (competence); it aims at a system of formal mathematically precise rules that generates grammatical sentences of the language and assigns to each sentence a structural description.
Systemic functional grammar	focuses on actual usage without assessing its correctness and analyses the English of the best contemporary authors.

9. Proper correlation of the approaches to classify words into parts of speech and their main ideas:

reveals paradigmatic properties: relevant grammatical categories, the form of the words, their specific inflectional and derivational features.

concerns the syntactic function of words in the sentence and their combinability.

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