- •Module 1
- •Theoretical questions 1-50 ( Seminar 1 and Seminar 2)
- •Conversion as a way of word-building.
- •Conversion. Verbs formed from nouns of different semantic groups.
- •Conversion. Nouns formed by means of conversion from verbs
- •Conversion is the main way of forming verbs in Modern English.
- •Abbreviation as a way of word-building.
- •Morphemes: bound and free morphemes.
- •32.Back formation. Characteristic features of back formation.
- •33. Secondary ways of word formation.
- •Functions of roots, suffixes, prefixes, inflexions.
- •36. The structure of English words and its specific features.
- •37. The stem of a word. The difference between a simple word, a stem and a root.
- •38.The word and its meaning. Denotational, connotational components.
- •Types of lexical meaning. The lexical and grammatical meanings of the word.
- •Semantic changes. Causes of semantic changes.
- •Semantic changes: specialisation of meaning.
- •Semantic development of English words: polysemy.
- •Definition and classification of synonyms in Modern English. Sources of synonyms.
- •Definition and classification of antonyms. Sources of antonyms.
- •Definition and classification of homonyms. Sources of homonyms.
- •Euphemisms, their specific features.
Euphemisms, their specific features.
The term euphemism refers to polite, indirect expressions which replace words and phrases considered harsh and impolite or which suggest something unpleasant.
Euphemism is an idiomatic expression which loses its literal meanings and refers to something else in order to hide its unpleasantness. For example, “kick the bucket” is a euphemism that describes the death of a person. In addition, many organizations use the term “downsizing” for the distressing act of “firing” its employees. Euphemism depends largely on the social context of the speakers and writers where they feel the need to replace certain words which may prove embarrassing for particular listeners or readers in a particular situation.
Seminar 3: Rating control 1
Module 2
Seminar 4. Classification of phraseological units
a) Semantic classification of phraseological units. (V.V. Vinogradov)
b) Structural classification of phraseological units. (A.I. Smirnitsky)
c) Syntactical classification of phraseological units. (I.V. Arnold)
Theoretical Questions 51-100
51. Free word-combinations and phraseological units. Iidiomaticity and structural stability of phraseological units. Criteria of classification of phraseological units.
52. Proverbs and sayings as specific types of phraseological units. Peculiarities of their use.
53.The Etymological background of the English vocabulary. Words of Indo-European origin, of Germanic origin as the historical basis of the English word-stock.
54. Standard English. Local dialects. Cockney, the regional dialect of London. .
55. History of American English. Differences in the spelling. Differences in grammar.
56. Varieties of the English language. General characteristic features of them.
57. Loan words (borrowed words) in English and their role in the formation of and development of the English vocabulary.
58. Borrowings. Types of assimilation of borrowings.
59. International words. Semantic spheres to which international words belong.
60. Lexicography as the science of compiling dictionaries. Historical development of British lexicography.
61. Classification of phraseological units: semantic, structural, syntactical.
62. Phonetical, semantic assimilation of loan words.
63. Lexicographical problems. (the main problems of compiling dictionaries)
64. Common and distinctive features of free word groups and set expressions. Structural classification of word groups (endocentric, exocentric).
65. Borrowings. Lexical assimilation of borrowed words (changes in the semantic structure of words).
66. Principles of classification of phraseological units. Classification of phraseological units according to the degree of motivation.
67. International words. The difference between cognates and international words.
68. The difference between British and American English (vocabulary, prepositions).
69. Characteristic features of etymological doublets.
70. Characteristic features of translation loans.
71. Word groups. Criteria of phraseological units. Classification of phraseological units.
72. Native words. Words of Indo-European origin. Words of Germanic origin. The main features of native words.
73. The impact of borrowings on the English language
74. Standard English variants and dialects.
75. Historical development of British lexicography.
76. Historical development of American lexicography.
77. Translation-loans as borrowings of a special type.
78. Borrowings. Types of assimilation of borrowings.
79. Principles of selection of words and arrangement of a vocabulary entry in different kinds of dictionaries.
80. Archaic and obsolete words.
81. Vocabulary of American English. American historisms. Specific American borrowings.
82. Sentence equivalents: proverbs, sayings, quotations.
83. Borrowings in American English. (Spanish, Indian, Negro)
84. Shortenings in American English.
85. Grammatical peculiarities of the American variety of English.
86. Spelling and phonetic peculiarities of American English.
87. “Etymological or thematic” classification of phraseological units
88. Distinctive features of proverbs. The difference between proverbs and phraseological units.
89. Similarities and differences between proverbs and phraseological units.
Phraseological units originated from proverbs.
90. Criteria for distinguishing between phraseological units free word-groups.
91. Neologisms. Semantic groups of neologisms.
92. Historical periods of the development of the English vocabulary.
93. The earliest group of English borrowings. The native element of English vocabulary.
94 Characteristic features of Scandinavian borrowings.
95. Borrowings in English and their role in the formation and development of the English word-stock.
96. Specific peculiarities of formal and informal speech.
97. Informal style colloquialisms, slang, dialect words.
98. The main features of colloquialisms in English.
99. The difference between colloquialisms and slang in English.
100. Local varieties of English on the British Isles: Lowland (Scottish), Northern, Western, Midland, Eastern, Southern.