- •Part 1. Air Pollution
- •Impacts on Air
- •Part 2. Soil Pollution
- •Vocabulary:
- •Residual Soils
- •Tropical Red Soils, 2. Clay, 3. Transported Soils, 4. Northern Forest Soils
- •Impacts on Soil
- •1. Metals, 2. Wood-waste Breakdown Products, 3. Pesticides, 4. Fuels, 5. Nutrients, 6. Salts, 7. Carbon: Nitrogen (c:n) Ratio, 8. Plant Diseases
- •Vocabulary:
- •Part 3. Water Pollution
- •Impacts on Water
- •1. Fuels, 2. Wood-waste Breakdown Products, 3. Metals, 4. Oxygen Demand, 5. Nutrients, 6. Ammonia (nh3), 7. Solids, 8. Pesticides, 9. Nitrates, 10. Pathogens
- •Part 4 Disastrous Consequences
- •Vocabulary:
- •A Universe of Pollution
- •Part 5. Mass Extinction
- •Vocabulary:
- •Mass Extinctions
- •Mass Extinction. Is It Really a Problem Today?
- •Part 6.
- •Industry
- •Vocabulary:
- •Manufacturing
- •Industry in the usa
- •Russian Industry
- •Part 7. Agriculture
- •Vocabulary:
- •History of Agriculture
- •Modern Agriculture
- •Agriculture in the usa
- •Part 8. Development Consequences
- •Vocabulary:
- •1. Rivers, 2. Grasslands, 3. Oceans, 4. Islands, 5. Forests
Impacts on Air
Text 1.
Open air burning of wastes, such as plant debris and plastics, introduces smoke, gases and particulates into the air. Besides the potential for fire and the smoke hazard, burning may also create toxic fumes.
Text 2.
When the sun’s rays hit the earth, light energy is converted to heat energy which is reradiated into the atmosphere. Certain gases in the atmosphere block the escape of this deflected heat energy resulting in a warming trend in the earth’s atmosphere. This process is called the greenhouse effect. Carbon dioxide and other gases that contribute to the greenhouse effect are increasing in concentration due to discharges caused by human activities.
Text 3.
Nitrogen oxide emissions cause ground-level ozone formation during the summer. Elevated values of ground-level ozone have been associated with crop damage. Nitrogen oxides can be produced when nitrogen in the soil is denitrified.
Text 4.
Odours may create conflicts among neighbours related primarily to the nuisance created, rather than any physical harm. Nursery or turf activities like handling, burning, storage or composting of plant debris, discarded produce, and pest control procedures can generate odours.
Text 5.
Noise has the potential for creating nuisance in densely populated areas where farm sites are small and structures are built close to the property boundaries. The presence of noise from activities and equipment is an inevitable fact of nursery and turf operation. Traffic to and from the farm site for the transport of labourers, materials and produce can also contribute to an increase in noise levels.
Text 6.
The federal regulatory system requires that pest control products undergo rigorous testing in areas such as producer and consumer safety, product effectiveness, environmental impact, and field testing.
Under normal application, air may be subjected to pesticides in the form of spray droplets, mists, dusts or vapours. Once in the air they can be transported to water bodies, non-target organisms or soil. Pesticides can also be concentrated within enclosed spaces and harm applicators or non-target organisms.
Exercise 5. Read the texts above once again and decide true or false are the following statements:
Statements:
Smoke hazard is not the only air pollution produced by burning.
Toxic fumes are created by the green house effect.
Ground-level ozone formation emissions are caused by carbon dioxide during the summer.
When nitrogen in the soil is denitrified nitrogen oxides can be produced.
Odours can be generated by nursery or turf activities.
Noise comes from the activities, working equipment and traffic.
The federal regulatory system was always interested in producer and consumer safety.
Pesticides may occur in the form of spray droplets, mists, dusts or vapours.
Part 2. Soil Pollution
Study the list of vocabulary and pronounce the words after the teacher:
Vocabulary:
fortunately [’fɔ:t∫(ə)nətli] – к счастью weathering [’weð(ə)riŋ] – выветривание, эрозия to contribute [tə kən’tribju:t] – способствовать, делать вклад slope [sləup] – уклон, покатость drainage [’dreinidჳ] – дренаж, осушение, сток mantle [’mæntl] – покров to preserve [tə pri’zə:v] – сохранять skillfully [’skilf(ə)li] – искусно, умело to manage [tə ’mænidჳ] – управлять, обходиться dozen [’dлz(ə)n] – дюжина texture [’tekst∫ə] – строение ткани, степень плотности ткани, текстура, структура size of particle [saiz əv ’pa:tik(ə)l] – размер частицы clayey [’kleii] – глинистый silty [’silti] – илистый sandy [’sændi] – песчаный division [di’viჳ(ə)n] – деление, разделение immature [‚imə’t∫uə] – неспелый, незрелый mature [mə’t∫uə] – спелый, зрелый true and modified laterites [tru: ənd ’mɔdifaid ’lætəraits] – настоящие и видоизменённые латериты podsol [’pɔdsɔl] – подзол modification [‚mɔdifi’kei∫ən] – модификация, видоизменение chernozem and prairie soils [‚t∫ernɔ’zə:m ənd ’pre(ə)ri sɔilz] – чернозёмы и почвы прерий sewage [’sju(:)idჳ] – сточные воды, нечистоты inclination [‚inkli’nei∫ən] – наклон gradual decay – постепенное разложение parent material – исходный материал fresh rock – свежая/новая порода decayed rock – разложившаяся порода subsoil – подпочва, недра top-soil – верхний слой почвы, пахотный слой residual – элювий, кора выветривания, бесструктурная почва deepening – углубление, увеличение beneath – внизу, ниже feldspar – полевой шпат equilibrium [‚i:kwi’libriəm] – равновесие ratio [’rei∫iəu] – отношение, коэффициент, пропорция to tie up [tə ’tai ’лp] – связывать, устанавливать связь fixation [fik’sei∫(ə)n] – фиксация, закрепление, образование (чего-либо) to attain [tə ə’tein] – достигать, добиваться, добираться immobile [i’məubail] – неподвижный, недвижимый uptake [’ лpteik] – поглощение, поднятие to apply [tə ə’plai] – использовать, применять, употреблять unwanted [лn’wɔntid] – нежелательный, ненужный accumulation [ə‚kju:mju’lei∫(ə)n] – накопление, аккумуляция topsoil [’tɔpsɔil] – верхний слой почвы, пахотный слой toxicity [tɔk’sisiti] – ядовитость, токсичность precautionary measures [pri’kɔ:∫ən(ə)nri ’meჳəz] – меры предосторожности buildup [’bildлp] – сосредоточение, накопление, наращивание (средств) ingestion [in’dჳest∫(ə)n] – приём пищи manure [mə’njuə] – навоз, органическое удобрение hydraulic fluid [hai’drɔlik flu:id] – гидравлическая/ гидротехническая жидкость boron [’bɔ:rɔn] – хим. бор excess amount [ik’ses/ ’ekses ə’maunt] – избыточное количество deleterious [‚deli’tiəriəs] – вредный, ядовитый unanticipated exposure [‚лnæn’tisipeitid ik’spəuჳə] – непредвиденное/ неожиданное внешнее воздействие improper handling [im’prɔpə ’hændliŋ] – неправильное обхождение/ обращение spill [spil] – пролитие, разлитие, рассыпка to spill (spilled, spilt) – проливать, разливать |
mixing and loading [’miksiŋ ənd ’ləudiŋ] – смешивание и погрузка to load [tə ləud] – грузить particularly [pə’tikjuləli] – очень, чрезвычайно, особенно persistence [pə’sistəns] – выносливость, стойкость solubility [‚sɔlju’biliti] – растворимость, насыщенность раствора beneficial insects [‚beni’fi∫(ə)l ’insekts] – полезные насекомые adverse effect [’ædvə:s i’fekt] – неблагоприятное воздействие reproductive failure [‚ri:prə’dлktiv ’feiljə] – отсутствие/ недостаток репродуктивной (силы) tissue [’ti∫u:/ ’tisju:] – биол. ткань unfit for consumption [лn’fit fɔ: kən’sлmp∫ən] – непригодный к употреблению gas [gæs] – амер. бензин, газолин, топливо diesel [’di:z(ə)l] – дизельное топливо kerosene [’kerəsi:n] – керосин oil [ɔil] – масло (машинное) grease [gri:s/ gri:z] – смазочное вещество, густая консистентная смазка alkali [’ælkəlai] – хим. щёлочь solvent [’sɔlvənt] – растворитель, раствор volatile [’vɔlətail] – летучее вещество potential contaminant [pə’ten∫(ə)l kən’tæminənt] – потенциальное загрязняющее вещество to firmly or loosely bind (bound, bound) [tə ’fə:mli ɔ: ’lu:sli baind] – крепко или слабо завязывать to restrict [tə ri’strikt] – ограничивать, держать в определённых пределах to leach [tə li:t∫] – выщелачивать to dissolve [tə di’zɔlv] – растворять, разлагать, разрушать tank leak [tæŋk li:k] – утечка из цистерны nursery [’nə:s(ə)ri] – очаг, рассадник fungus (pl. fungi) [’fлŋgəs (pl. ’fлŋg(a)i )] – биол. гриб, грибок infestation [‚infes’tei∫(ə)n] – заражение паразитами severe [si’viə] – суровый, сильный feed constituent [fi:d kən’stit∫uənt] – питательный элемент salt sorted log [sɔ:lt ’sɔ:tid lɔg] – бревно относящееся к разряду солёных compost [’kɔmpɔst] – компост, составное удобрение fertilizer [’fə:tilaizə] – удобрение (минеральное) sawdust [’sɔ:dлst] – древесные опилки shavings [’∫eiviŋ] – pl. стружка chip [t∫ip] – щепа, щепка to mulch [tə mлlt∫] – мульчировать mulch [mлlt∫] – мульча tannin [’tænin] – хим. танин inappropriate [‚inə’prəupriit] – неподходящий, нецелесообразный, несоответствующий rate [reit] – норма, размер, ставка тариф, скорость, процент, доля to expose [tə iks’pəuz] – выставлять, выдвигать, раскрывать, показывать to break down [tə breik daun] (broke [brəuk], broken [’brəukn]) – расщеплять(ся), сломать(ся), ухудшить(ся), потерпеть неудачу to release [tə ri’li:z] – высвобождать, избавлять, освобождать soluble [’sɔljub(ə)l] – разрешимый, объяснимый (о проблеме), растворимый, способный к распаду или к ослаблению внутренних связей resin acid [’rezin ’ æsid] – смоляная кислота leachable [’li:t∫əb(ə)l] – способный к выщелачиванию to incorporate [tə in’kɔ:pəreit] – включить, соединять, смешивать nutrient imbalance [’nju:triənt im’bæləns] – отсутствие равновесия питательных веществ shift [∫ift] – перемещение, изменение, сдвиг microbial population [mai’krəubaiəl ‚pɔpju’lei∫(ə)n] – микробная популяция deficiency [di’fi∫(ə)nsi] – отсутствие, нехватка, недостаток
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Exercise 1. Match the words on the left with their definitions on the right:
1. weathering a. twelve
2. slope b. carrying off water or sewage
3. drainage c. destruction of rocks under the wind impact
4. mantle d. structure
5. soil e. covering
6. texture f. extremely small piece or amount
7. modification g. inclination
8. dozen h. act of dividing or sharing out
9. division i. changing in quality or appearance
10. particle j. top layer of earth
Exercise 2. Read the text about “Soils” and find in it the equivalents in English to the following expressions:
сложная порода, исходный материал, микроскопические формы, образование почвы, от нескольких дюймов до ста футов толщиной, средняя глубина, умело использоваться, пол дюжины способов
Soil
Soil is the best known, most complex rock and, fortunately, one which has been studied a long time. The physical and chemical weathering of surface rock (parent material) with the addition of organic material, forms soil. Plants and animals (especially microscopic forms) contribute greatly to soil formation, as do climate, vegetation, time, slope, and drainage. The result of centuries of activity is a soil mantle from a few inches to a hundred feet thick, though the average depth of soil is only a foot or so. Since most life depends on soils, they should be preserved and skillfully managed.
Soils may be classified in a half dozen ways, according to various properties. They may be classified on the basis of texture (size of particle), as clayey, silty, or sandy. Other classifications have been based on color, parent material, type of crop raised, and many other bases. Most modern classifications begin with three great divisions or zones ranging from immature to mature soils. Three examples of well-developed soils are (1) the tropical red soils (true and modified laterites), (2) the northern forest soils (podsols) and their modifications, and (3) the grassland soils (chernozem and prairie soils).
Exercise 3. Copy the following text “Residual Soils” separating it into words and sentences and then read and translate it into Russian:
