4. Typology of parts of the sentence

The typology of the parts of the sentence given below is based on 4 criteria of classification:

1. Structural – classifies the parts of the sentence into 4 types:

• simple

• expanded

• extended

• mixed

2. Functional significance criterion – classifies the parts of the sentence into 4 types:

• Basic

• Main

• the secondary parts

• the detached parts

3. Functional criterion – classifies the part of the sentence into 5 types:

• the subject

• the predicate

• the object

• the attribute

• the adv.modifier

4. Distributional criterion

• initial

• finals

• insertions

• pre-positives

• post-positives

5. The hierarchical structure of the sentence. The Immediate constituents analysis.

The simple sentence is organized as s system of function-expressing position. It may be notional – for basic, main, secondary and detached parts of sentence, and semi-notional – for interjection.

For a functional hierarchy, each part of the sentence performs some modifying role:

• S is a person-modifier of the P

• P is a process-modifier of the S

• O is a substance- modifier of the P

• Adv.M. is a quality- modifier of the P or of the whole sentence

• Attribute is a quality- modifier of the substantive part(s).

This hierarchy can be presented schematically by horizontal placing of equipollent part and by vertical placing of subordinate part: lady greeted

The old me heartily

A special linguistic analysis called “the immediate constituents analysis” was worked out.

The immediate constituents analysis (аналіз безпосередньо складників речення)

The immediate constituents analysis (IC-analysis) is based on group parsing of the sentence – the division of the whole sentence into gram.relevant groups.

We have two main groups – the group of the S and of the P – they are so-called “maximal constituents”. Each of them separately we have sub-group constituents according to the successive order of subordination – separate words (so-called “unltimate constituents”).

There are 2 basic ways of schematic representation of the IC-analysis:

1. the analytical IC-diagram – has vertical and horizontal lines between which the symbols of the grouped sentence components are put

The old lady greeted me heartily.

2. the IC-dirivation tree – has branches and nodes. The tree shows the grouping of the sentence constituents by means of branching nodes – symbolize phrases as unities? The branches mark the division of phrases into constituents.

6. Simple and complex parts of the sentence: characteristics and grouping.

The part of the sentence is bilateral – it obligatory has 2 planes:

• of content (meaning) – it is syntactic function – the relation of this part of the sentence to other constituents of the same sentence.

• the plane of expression (form) – its part of speech characteristics, its liner-order features.

Parts of the sentence are divided according to their role in sentence formation:

- S - P - O - Adv.M. – the Attribite.

S and P are always interrelated, as they establish SR of predication; and they are always independent in relation to all other parts. It is included into the minimum structural sentence type:

Ex.: He smiled.

O and Adv.M. (called “complements”) are always dependent, referring to the P.

At. is always dependent, referring to the nominal components of sentence and it can be found both in pre-position and in post-position to its element: blue eyes / eyes full of tears.