- •The subject-matter of phonetics, its practical aims.
- •Verbal communication - the central notion of phonetics. Stages of speech production proce.Ss
- •Branches of phonetics.
- •Articulatory classification of the English vowels.
- •Articulatory classification of the English consonants
- •The phoneme theory as the basis of phonology.
- •The functions of the phoneme.
- •The phonemic inventory of the English language.
- •Modification of sounds in connected speech.
- •Assimilation
- •The notion of elision.
- •Linking and intrusive r
- •Intrusive r
- •The notion of accommodation.
- •Reduction and its types.
- •16. The syllable formation theories.
- •17. Syllabification
- •18. Functios of the syllable.
- •19. Types of English word stress.
- •Word stress tendencies.
- •Functions of word stress.
- •General notion of prosody.
- •Intonation as a complex unity of prosodic features.
- •Sentense stress in English.
- •The main functions of intonation.
- •The components of the intonation group.
- •The nuclear tones and their meanings.
- •Rhythm.
The notion of accommodation.
Accommodation of phonetics happens when a consonant combines with a vowel. One of allophone will change to fit the other.
Reverse accommodation: The first sound changes to match the next sound.
Eg./t/ is an un-rounded sound when combining with /u,o/ (like tu, to) becomes rounded sound /to/.
Direct accommodation: The later sound change to fit the former sound.
Reduction and its types.
Vowels in unstressed syllables are pronounced less distinctly than those in stressed syllables /called vowels of full formation/, so they get reduced.
I. Quantitave reduction results in the change of the length /quantity/ of a vowel in unstressed syllables. It affects long vowels and diphthongs which become half-long or short.
1. We/\wi:, wi:, wi/ e.g. 1.\we have done it. /wi:/ - long
2. She /\ʃi:, ʃ i. , ʃ i/ 2. We have \done it. /wi:/ - half-long
3. He /\hi:, hi:, hi/ 3. We \did it. /wi/ - short.
II. Qualitative reduction – is connected with the change of the quality of a vowel. It affects short vowels. There are two types of it.
Qualitative soft reduction results in the /ɪ/ phoneme. The letters -e-, -i-, -y- in the main correspond to /ɪ/ in spelling.
E.g., expect /ɪks\pekt/, cinema /sɪnɪmə/, city/sɪti/, begin /bɪgɪn/, service/sɜːvɪs/.
Qualitative hard reduction results in the neutral vowel /ə /. The letters -a-, -o-, -u-, and the suffix -er,-or, -ar correspond to /ə / in spelling.
E.g., famous /feɪməs/, pilot /paɪlət/, column/kɒləm/, melody /melədi/, sportsman /spɔːtsmən/, autumn/ɔːtəm/, letter/letə/, actor/æktə/, polar /pəʊlə/.
III. Complete reduction results in a full disappearance of a vowel in an unstressed position. It occurs before the syllabic sonorants /m,n,1/, in post-tonic syllables:
E.g., conversation /'kɒnvə'seɪʃn/, written/rɪtn/, broken/brəʊkn/, pencil/pensl/
15. Syllable as an element of language structure
The syllable is one or more speech sound forming a single uninterrupted unit, which may be a word or a commonly subdivision of a word. In English a syllable is formed by any vowel alone or in combination with one or more consonants and by a word-final sonorant [m,n,l] immediately by a consonant. Are, it, man – 1 syllable,table, paper – 2 syl. The English Syllable has
onset : bar/more/; Initial segment of a syllable (Optional)
nucleus: or/are Central segment of a syllable (Obligatory)
coda : ought/ art Closing segment of a syllable (Optional). English syllable : starts with either 1, or 2 or even 3 consonants. nset: the beginning sounds of the syllable; the ones preceding the nucleus. These are always consonants in English. The nucleus is a vowel in most cases, although the consonants [ r ], [ l ], [ m ], [ n ], and the velar nasal (the 'ng' sound) can also be the nucleus of a syllable.
Coda
Final : any consonant except for h,r,w,j may be final consonant. / 2 kinds of
Final Cluster : pre-final+final/final+post final
Pre-finals(m,n,nasal,l,s : bump,belt) /
Post-finals(s,z,t,d,th : bets,beds)
So the structure of English Syllable is asOnset Nucleus Coda Ex. "texts, sixths, helped, bonds, play, strings, students"