Vocabulary Exercises

54. Look up the following words in an explanatory dictionary, copy out their basic meanings and provide an example of their use in context, following the established format.

arise, command (v), conduct (v), haphazard(ly), convey, decry, inquiry, fastidious, marshal (v), illuminate, bias, accord (with), contingent, arbitrary, jeremiad, contend

55. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian.

1. Further questions arose after the researchers discovered a new phenomenon. 2. People judge their competence by their ability to command attention and speak during meetings. 3. This author conducted a content analysis of all articles in the publication. 4. Toys and clothes and colouring books were lying haphazardly about the huge space. 5. Taking reporters’ questions is one way the president conveys an air of confidence even in the middle of a crisis. 6. The United States and the United Kingdom decried the annexation as an illegal violation of international law. 7. We will conduct a fair and impartial inquiry into the recent incident on the campus. 8. Children often become fastidious about what they eat in their second year for a variety of reasons. 9. The Swiss doctor was not able to marshal enough support to prevent the hospital from closing. 10. One of the purposes of this study is to illuminate and accentuate the value of cross-cultural communication. 11. The report claimed our public schools were rife with bias against girls. 12. Prenatal and postnatal cigarette-smoke exposure does not accord with any advantageous effects. 13. Japanese totalitarianism was not historically contingent but inherent, rooted in their national psyche and past. 14. In postcolonial Africa, formerly arbitrary boundaries have helped constitute contemporary ethnic identities. 15. Periodical publishing frequently generate jeremiads about the society’s cultural decline. 16. The passion to rescue Afghanistan’s rich heritage must contend with the harsh realities of a country still on the edge of humanitarian catastrophe.

56. Complete the sentences filling in the gaps with the words listed below.

haphazardly, arises, command, convey, decried, marshal, illuminated, bias, conducted, accord, arbitrary, inquiry, fastidious

1. We felt it important to ­­­­­­­­____________ a vigorous defense. 2. The headlights of passing cars ____________the fluorescent advertisement. 3. She has dealt with gender ____________and racial discrimination in education. 4. A study recently ____________by Sweden’s Ministry of Environment gave three reasons for global warming. 5. About 750 million years ago the continental tectonic plates ____________arranged themselves around the equator. 6. In all my pictures I try to ____________a sense of time and place. 7. Reviewers ____________the lack of support from local community groups. 8. The situation does not ____________with my hopes. 9. Seasons are not set by ____________dates. 10. The uncertainty ____________because astronomers can’t directly measure the mass of Jupiter. 11. They ____________an average salary of $60,000. 12. The ongoing ____________into the death of the minister has generated a number of theories. 13. Crossing the desert, they weren’t ____________about hygiene or food.

57. Match the collocations from the article and cite their context.

decry	a serious point		hard lesson	demand
perfectly	generalisations		a ready	contingent
have	debate		biases	on the flux
marshal	the language		accord	prediction
codify	of gravity		historically	linguistic diversity
basic	declining standards		collapse	with Latin
longstanding	parallel		go	to grasp
no historical	disgusting		extinguish	of morals
centre	non-native speakers		reliable	of creators
make	the evidence		depend	the way of

58. Reword the paragraphs of the text using the synonym lists for each paragraph below.

1.	epoch/time period, fault-finders, lament, deteriorating, quality, intriguing, insightful, investigation, draw attention to, apprehensions, sound films, come into being, hue and cry, limit, buy, disseminate, brogue, distasteful, most assuredly, negative, impact;
2.	ridicule, disdainfulness, argument, fixed, dimensions, cite, facts, prove, erroneous, opinion, linked, specific, geographic area, excel;
3.	image, employ, what is inside, side streams, attributes, transition, claim, final;
4.	instances, evolution, cite, enlightening, efforts, record and systematise, penetration, southern Pacific Ocean, expeditions, gist, varieties, rudimental, make it possible, indigenous, deal with one another;
5.	this spread of English, hint (at), polemics, character, design, long-lived, both, changed, a few decades, aggregate number, the share, reside, shrink, unprecedented, increase, transposition, trend-setting hub;
6.	melting pot, dissonance, variety, tongues, quite daring, generalise, comprise, expectations of future, lend oneself to smth, irrespectively (of)/without regard (to), intrinsic part;
7.	hard-won wisdom, go back to, efforts, systemize, starting, scarcity (of), spelling, lessons, in the late, textbooks, see the light of day, editions, phenomenon, exist, codes of rules, show, prejudice, authors, come from, specific, backgrounds, localities, comply (with), give rise (to smth), decisive;
8.	prove, viewpoints, accidental, unmotivated, handbooks, tell smth from smth, only, hardly, lamentations, alleged, decline, point out, belligerently, irrational, argue, put on the brink, ungrammatical language;
9.	hypotheses, be tested (by), special role, be doomed, do away with, only, plausible, inference, stagnate, educating, amusing, shed light (on), continuous change.