X. Read and translate the sentences using the Complex Subject.

1. Известно, что древние египтяне серьезно изучали тело человека.

2. Установлено, что древние племена в Мексике и Перу использовали наркотические вещества для лечения заболеваний зубов.

3. Обнаружено, что они использовали золото и драгоценные камни для украшения зубов.

4. Предполагают, что греческий философ Аристотель делал попытки описать зубы с научной точки зрения.

5. Известно, что Андреас Везалий разделил зубы на резцы, клыки и коренные зубы.

6. Считают, что первая книга, посвященная стоматологии, появилась в 16 веке.

XI. Do you know that:

- Until the middle of the 19th century most dental operations were performed by

traveling tooth drawers and barbers.

- The word “dentist” appeared in the English language in the late 1750s. It is of

French origin. Before that dental professionals were called “operators for the teeth.

- William Addis invented a toothbrush of modern design in 1780.

- James Snell designed the first reclining dental chair in 1831.

- 1839 was a very special year in the history of dentistry – in 1839 the first dental

school, the first dental journal and the first dental society were founded. They were the Baltimore School of Dental Surgery, the American Journal of Dental Science and the American Society of Dental Surgeons.

- The first woman to qualify as a dentist was Lucy B. Hobbs. It happened in 1866 in Ohio, USA.

XII. Read and translate the text using a dictionary.

Avicenna

One of the greatest Islamic physicians abu-Ali al-Husayn ibn-Sina whom we call Avicenna (born in 980) composed an encyclopedia of all the sciences except mathematics. Of all his works the most famous is The Canon. Probably the best known medical text of all times it brought him the title Prince of doctors.

Concerning dental treatment Avicenna stressed the importance of keeping the teeth clean, he discussed teething and the causes of toothache. The use of arsenic for fistulas and ulcers of the gum is among the many subjects discussed by Avicenna.

One of the most important sections of The Canon deals with the treatment of fractures of the jaw. Avicenna stressed that it was important to determine if a fracture was correctly reduced. This could best be done by observing whether the teeth were brought into proper occlusion after the reduction. He advised putting a dressing around the jaw, head and neck and a light splint along the teeth. It formed the basis for treatment by the surgeons of the later ages.

Lesson 2

Грамматика: словообразование, возвратные местоимения

An Introduction to Dentistry

I. Case analyses.

1. Find in the texts of lesson 1 Some Facts from History of Dentistry, Avicenna and write down the names of the greatest scientists who made the chief advances in the field of dentistry. Name these advances.

2. Using sources from Internet find short additional information about the history of dentistry. Let your information start with the words:

Do you know that …

3. Discuss the tendencies of the development of dentistry:

a. in ancient times b. in the Middle Ages c. in the 18^th and 19^th centuries

What period in the history (up to you) was the most important for developing dentistry. Give your reasons.

II. Read and give Russian equivalents to the following words and word

combinations of the Latin-Greek origin:

clinician [kli’niSqn]

preventive [pri’ventiv]

condition [kqn’diSqn]

professional [prO’feSqnql]

qualified [‘kwOlifQid]

anomaly [q’nOmqli]

detection [di’teksqn]

cosmetic [kOz’metik]

aesthetic practice [Js’Tetik]

rehabilitation [,rJq,bili’teisqn]

restoration [,restq’reiSqn]

dental nerve [nWv]

pulp [pAlp]

endodontist [,endq’dOntist]

pathologist [pq’TOlqGist]

orthodontist [,LTq’dOntist]

periodontist [,periq’dOntist]

prosthodontist [,prOsTq’dOntist]