In the present section we’ll introduce to you the lexical means to help you speak on the topic of your research and supply you with the extractions from scientific papers on the issue in ques-tion.

1. Presenting the topic of your research.

n.:	study, investigation, research, paper
v.:	to deal with, to be devoted (to), to study, to investigate, to undertake, to examine
adj.:	detailed, thorough, extensive, comprehensive, preliminary, brief
adv.:	in detail, thoroughly, carefully, accurately

The paper deals with… The study is devoted to… The investigation studies…

The research of … is dealt with in the paper.

An extensive study of the problem of… has been undertaken in the paper. A comprehensive analysis of … has been presented in the research.

The case of … has been thoroughly studied in the research. The investigation deals with…

… are dealt with in detail in the present research.

2. Defining the purpose of the research.

n.:	aim, purpose, task
v.:	to determine, to reveal, to establish, to describe, to provide, to present, to be
	designed (for) …, to be intended…, to be aimed (at) … .

adj.:	main, chief, primary, principal
conj.:	in order, so that

The aim of the study is to determine the value … The research is aimed at revealing the ways of …

The main purpose of the paper is to establish the regularities in … / the differ-ence in …

The investigation is designed to simplify the procedure of …

The chief task of the research is to reveal the causes of…/ the essence of … The research is intended for eliminating ambiguity … / undesirable effect … The research is aimed at providing evidence for … / new facts in support of … The aim of the investigation is to present systematic description of …

3. Explaining the topicality and novelty of the research:

n.:	topicality, novelty, advantage, merit, comparison (of … with), innovation
v.:	present, offer, combine, compose, resemble
adj.:	fundamental, chief, main, essential, obvious, certain, ordinary, standard, former,
	previous, expected, analogous (to), similar (to), identical (with)
adv.:	formerly, previously, usually, commonly (used)

We offer a fundamentally new approach… The essential merit of our work is …

The approach is not similar to that previously used … The novelty of the research can be seen …

The research compares favorably with … Explanation is offered for …

Since previous works suffered from considerable limitations … We tried to interpret the phenomenon of …

We intended to overcome the difficulty of …

Advantages and limitations of … are discussed for the first time …

In contrast to identical works in the field of … our understanding provides … As opposed to commonly recognized classification …

Unlike commonly recognized definition of …

4. Describing methods applied.

n.:	method, technique, approach, procedure
v.:	apply, present, follow, employ, use, allow, permit
adj.:	general, main, additional, modern, appropriate, reliable, effective, improved,
	promising, adequate, up-to-date, conventional, unconventional

Modern methods of scientific analysis have been applied… Unconventional approach to … has been presented in the paper. Appropriate technique has been used …

Reliable methods of analyzing facts of … The comparative method is useful in …

Methods of empirical and systematic analysis were used … The approach is especially helpful when …

The approach is more flexible and permits …

The methods of synchronic and diachronic analysis used in the study al-low/permit…

The technique is best suited in evaluating …

Comparison is made of the method generally adopted with that used in the in-vestigation.

We have applied an alternative method which …

5. Describing your findings.

n.:	theory, hypothesis, correlation, discrepancy, assumption, findings, data,
	evidence, viewpoint, model, function, basis, dependence, influence, ef-
	fect, interrelations
v.:	assume, present, provide, report, check, produce, verify, extend (to),
	find, establish, generate, produce, reveal
adj.:	primary, simple, complicated, accurate, satisfactory, certain, preliminary,
	convincing, contradictory, ambiguous, similar, general, complete, full,
	variable
adv.:	especially, particularly, specially

It was found that …

The data obtained enables us to determine the nature of … Our findings provide evidence for …

Our findings make possible the application of …

An analysis of … indicated that …, which made is possible … The principal advantage of the approach based on …

Of special importance for … is … Of particular value for … is …

The present observation supports the viewpoint … Obviously, it’s due to the fact that …

The influence of … on … has been revealed. Little dependence of … on … has been observed. This phenomenon is closely connected with … The validity of the assumption was questioned … The study has revealed a better understanding of … based on …

These discrepancies are caused by … The findings are in agreement with …

Certain correlation between … and … has been established.

From the analysis of the data it was determined that …

6. Recommendations for further application and research.

n.:	application, use
v.:	apply, use, suit, fit, enable, employ, permit, allow, serve
adj.:	helpful, applicable, wide, promising, limited, possible

The findings may find practical application in … The present investigation enables as …

This approach is applicable to …

The method can be used in the studies on …

The approach is best suited for the investigation of … The findings are especially helpful when …

Another method of treating … is recommended. The approach will make it possible to …

Our observations can be particularly efficient when investigating…/for the study of …

We make a suggestion as to how …

• can be used (can be of use) if we study …

• can be helpful to determine …

It is suggested that … should be

7. Reporting on the results of your research, drawing conclusions.

n.:	result, conclusion, viewpoint, opinion, assumption, correctness, proof, evi-
	dence
v.:	obtain, present, provide, report, check, collect, summarize, sum up, find, ex-
	tend (to), state, confirm
adj.:	final, certain, complicated, convincing, satisfactory

It has been shown that … It’s concluded that …

The results obtained show/confirm/indicate …/… made it possible to con-clude/to draw a conclusion that …

Thus, it may be stated that …

Therefore we came to a conclusion that … The above said led us to a conclusion … As a consequence, a conclusion is made … Results from experiments prove …

These factors are shown to be irrelevant to …

… were described with particular emphasis on … New data on … were obtained.

As a result of the investigation it was observed …

As a result of the study some practical recommendations can be given. The results indicate that additional work is needed to improve…

We reported our results at …

In the extraction from scientific prose given below we hope not only lawyers but other categories of researchers will find useful expressions to speak about the aims of one’s research. Find the essentials underlined for you.

The problem of crime is not new to our time, but its challenge has, in our age, progressed to increasingly disturbing proportions. For thousands of years a great many thinkers have tried to deal with this major social issue, but it is in our generation that crime has become everybody’s concern. The ever-increasing rate and the expanded variety of lawbreaking have made virtually all of us potential victims. Thus, it is not really surprising that, in this flourish-ing era of criminal activity, a bewildering array of criminology textbooks have offered themselves to illuminate the crime problem. This volume proposes to belong to that category of books.

This text, however, ventures to deviate in intent and orientation from most of the standard works in the field. Criminology textbooks have traditionally been of ambitious length in an attempt to cover the fullest possible scope and, perhaps, to create the illusion of presenting all relevant knowledge. Oddly enough, they might include swiftly changing statistical information, short-lived research results, and ephemeral theoretical constructs.

This paper is not intended to provide a comprehensive treatment of all de-tails and minutiae of the problem of crime. Instead, by drawing only essential outlines, it attempts to concentrate on a general and comprehensive under-standing of the whole.

Complete the sentences supplying them with information on your own research activities.

The present paper deals with … The research is aimed at … An attempt has been made …

We have applied the method of …

The method has been applied together with …

Some features of the phenomenon have been described with the help of … We wanted to have a full view of …

It’s argued that …

The paper abounds in …

On the basis of the comparison made … Interdependence between … has been revealed. Research into … provides an answer to the question …

The research provides the answers to a multitude of questions facing … and gives us the tools which …

The main provisions of the research have been reported at … Some disputable issues have been discussed in …

The reliability of the results obtained can be verified …

The results of the investigation have been reflected in the form of …

Below find the speculations of a former post-graduate student on his future dissertation.

Since I’m just in my first year of a post-graduate course my idea of the dissertation to be submitted in three years is rather hypothetical. Theoreti-cally, I realize it’s to be composed of an introduction, two or three chapters, conclusion, bibliography, supplement, if necessary. Still, I can explain the ba-sic points of my research right now.

To start with, the topic of the thesis sounds like that: “Application of Crimi-nal Retrospection Method to Crime Investigation.” Evidently, the topic of the crime investigation methods is not new in criminalistics. Our research is sup-posed to contribute to this branch of law since it deals with such a topical prob-lem as developing more reliable methods of crime investigation. Thus, the no-tion of “retrospection” in criminalistics and the ways of its application to crime detection will be dealt with in the research. On the surface the issue seems to be not innovative at all, but it’s not quite right. Ordinary understanding of the ret-rospection is enough to find “a lost pen” while we are targeting at the investiga-tion of complicated crimes which needs profound theoretical study. Thus, our research is aimed at providing a practical worker with concrete up-to-date rec-ommendations on retrospective analysis of crime detection.

The law is dynamic and ever-changing; as our society and community changes, the law must also change to fit the new needs and problems that arise. Our research is supposed to begin with a survey of the literature on the prob-lem under discussion, analysis of the latest achievements in this field, scrutiny of investigation methods to provide a theoretical basis for the research. His-tory and the present state of the retrospection method application will be given particular emphasis to, case studies will be presented, basic rules, principles and the place of retrospection in modern criminalistics are to be defined. Case

studies may become the subject of supplement attached to the main body of the research paper.

I realize the significance of the final part of any dissertation since it sum-marizes the results obtained, stresses the topicality of the research made, sug-gests the possibility for further research and practical application of theoreti-cal assumptions.

I hope to solve all the tasks facing me as a researcher, and step by step proceed to the ultimate goal of any post-graduate – defence of the dissertation and the award of PhD degree.

Summarizing translation can be helpful for you while compos-ing the topic “My work on the dissertation”

1. К концу срока обучения в аспирантуре аспирант должен представить текст диссертационного исследования для обсуждения на одном из заседаний кафедры.

2. После обсуждения на кафедре, внесения необходимых изменений и исправлений работа получает рекомендацию к защите.

3. Диссертация предоставляется для рассмотрения членами соответст-вующего Ученого Совета и заслушивается на одном из его заседаний.

4. На защите претендент кратко излагает основные положения диссерта-ции, цели исследования, обосновывает его актуальность и новизну, по-лученные результаты и возможности практичного применения.

5. Все выносимые на защиту положения должны быть отражены в ав-тореферате диссертации, который в сжатой форме представляет проделанное диссертационное исследование и рассылается за месяц до защиты.

6. После доклада соискателя выступают официальные оппоненты с критическим анализом проделанной работы.

7. Если у присутствующих есть желание выступить, они вправе это сделать.

8. Соискатель обязан ответить на все поступившие в устной или пись-менной форме вопросы.

9. Ход заседания записывается, с тем чтобы позднее была возможность приобщить стенограмму заседания к документам по его защите.

10. Наконец, после соблюдения всей процедуры защиты, проходит тай-ное голосование членов Ученого совета относительно присуждения претенденту ученого звания кандидата наук.

Below there follows a summary of the research conducted in the field of linguistics which is to serve as a model for describ-ing your research paper. Study it carefully and pick out useful cliches.

Summary

The current paper is devoted to a problem of colloquial or informal speech which has recently moved into the foreground of both theoretical interest of the world's linguists and scholars and practical attempts of language teachers and students. Its significance and practical value in the age of mass communi-cations are axiomatic. Yet, paradoxically many aspects of contemporary in-formal English (Standard Educated Colloquial/Informal English, SECE in this case) including its status and role in the system of national language (British English), its specific properties as distinct from the so-called “standard Eng-lish”, according to G. Brown and other prominent colloquialists, “at an infant stage of research and investigation”. Practically underinvestigated are also the basic types of SECE; major settings and motives determining the choice of SECE in a particular communicative situation.

Finally, it's worthy to note an absolutely rudimentary stage of research in Britain and in our country into the status of SECE in modern media, including the British “quality and “popular” press and BBC radio and television broad-casting. Moreover, some pioneer attempts in this direction are sometimes as-sessed with a considerable share of scepticism.

It would hardly be surprising then that these and other problems relevant to the essentials of contemporary colloquial English and its functioning and ana-lyzed in the current paper may facilitate a serious approach to SECE as a so-ciolinguistic phenomenon worth of theoretical investigating and practical studying and the course itself be used by scholars and students of English as a kind of theoretic introduction into the topic.

Most research papers dealing with informal English published recently in Great Britain and elsewhere concentrate on specifics of SECE in a chosen field. And that is only too natural and rewarding considering an extremely complex nature of informal English and absolutely insufficient level of its in-vestigation. Understandable as it may be at the present stage of accumulation of knowledge of colloquial speech, the level-oriented approach invariably adds to the mosaic picture of SECE, barring its understanding as a real self-contained sociolinguistic system as a whole. Guided by these considerations the author attempts to follow a systematic approach to the problem in question (undertaken in a number of fundamental works by E. Zemskaya, Y. Skrebnev, B. Gavranek, T. van Dijk, M. Stubbs and other Russian Western scholars) and

tries to present a comprehensive outline of SECE as an entity, relying on an interdisciplinary approach. It is for the reader to judge, however, to what ex-tent such an approach is justifiable and beneficial.

One of the sociocultural consequences of contemporary scientific-technological revolution is that in many, if not most, «prestigious» communi-cative situations of today, a speaker may use SECE alongside MESE and the problem of the choice between the two cannot but stimulate a researcher to get to the bottom of it. On the basis of analysis of some modern relevant concepts the author dares to offer his understanding of the problem.

These considerations have basically predetermined the structure and make-up of the paper, offering the following parts: introductory part, three chapters, conclusions, bibliography, supplement.

The prevailing method of problem examination in the book is that of dis-course analysis. The absolute majority of SECE illustrations are the chunks of real conversations (rather, their transcripts' presented in the manner adopted in the works of prominent colloquialists). Also included are the examples of talks recorded by the author during the latter's stay in Great Britain and other Eng-lish-language countries.

The paper is tailored along the programmes of foreign language institutes and departments and may be used by students, postgraduates, teachers and scholars, by all those whose line of activity is linked to English.

The author is fully aware of the futility “to embrace unembraceable” as re-gards such a complex (and underinvestigated) phenomenon as contemporary colloquial or informal language, therefore the given paper on SECE may only serve as an attempt in the right direction, at best. The author would be very much undebted to any critical remark facilitating further studies of SECE.

Now speak on your research paper dwelling upon the following issues.

– composition of the dissertation;

– problems discussed in the introductory part;

– topicality and novelty of your research;

– methods of scientific analysis applied;

– your findings (anticipated results);

– assessment of the results obtained;

– practical application;

– possibility for further research;

– your reports, articles on the problem under research.