Isaac newton

The English physicist and mathematician Isaac Newton was one 1) ... the greatest scientists 2) ... all time. His theories revolutionized scientific thinking and laid the foundations 3) ... modern physics. His book Principia Mathematica is one 4) ... the most important works 5) ... the history 6) ... modern science. Newton discovered the law 7) ... gravity and developed the three laws 8) ... motion that are still 9) ... use today. He was the first person to split white light 10) ... the colours 11) ... spectrum, and his research 12) ... light led him to design a reflecting telescope. Newton was also one 13) ... the pioneers 14) ... a new branch 15) ... mathematics called calculus.

TASK 4. Study the following infinitive structure, read the sentences below and translate them from English into Russian.

S + to be Ved/3 + to + V

The invention of electronic devices is known to have a new important phase in the development of electrical engineering.

Известно, что изобретение электронных устройств ознаменовало новый этап в развитии эл. инженерии.

1. Scientists are reported to be already working on Artificial Intelligence and the next generation of computers is likely to understand human languages. 2. Now plenty of materials are known to become superconductors at low temperature. 3. Recently some ceramic materials have been found to be superconductors. 4. The International Space Station was expected to be a permanent off-planet extension of human civilization. 5. Machine code is known to contain the 1s and 0s – binary code – that are processed by the CPU.

TASK 5. Transform the sentences according to the model: It is known that transistors perform functions similar to valves. → Transistors are known to perform function to valves.

1. It is known that sound travels faster in solids than in liquids. 2. It has been proved that electronic equipment saves millions of man and machine hours. 3. It is believed that electronics is the most progressing technology of the present industrial age. 4. It is evident that electronics has made a great contribution to automation. 5. It is known that the invention of electronic device has become a new important phase in the development of electrical engineering.

TASK 6. Read the second part of the text.

ELECTRONICS

The invention of electronic device is known to have become a new important phase in the development of electrical engineering. It considerably enlarges the application of electrical energy for various industrial purposes. The invention of the vacuum tube made radio broadcasting possible and later on — telecasting. The researches in the field of electronics gave us radar devices, computers, tape recorders, betatron and a lot of medical tools. Semiconductor devices which have replaced electron tubes reduce the size of instruments.

A great advance in electronics is considered to be connected with the appearance of the transistor. The use of the transistor is likely to be the first step in miniaturization of electronic devices and has increased the range of their application. The introduction of the transistor in 1948 is supposed to be the beginning of the evolution of microelectronics which led in the late 1970s to the development of large-scale in­tegrated (LSI) circuits. Now hundreds of circuits can be packed on to one square inch and there seems to be no limit to it. The technology of so-called molecular epitaxy is the best proof of this suggestion.

Electronics is evident to have made a great contribution to automation. It has extended the range of automatic control in large-scale industrial operations and made the processing of information rapid. Electronic computers have provided the basis for the construction of automatic lines, automated units, shops and whole plants, tools with programmed control, robots and manipulators.

Electronics has penetrated into all the spheres of human activity from household appliances to arti­ficial intelligence and search of outer space civilizations. Such advantages of electronic devices as microscopic size, high speed, low cost and reliability are likely to have no competitor. No wonder electronic technology is the most dynamic technology of the present industrial age. Electronics is sure to make still greater progress in the nearest future and help humanity gain new victories in science and engineering.

TASK 7. Answer the following questions and retell the text.

1. What made radio broadcasting and telecasting possible? 2. What can reduce the size of instrument? 3. What is the great advance in electronics connected with? 4. What are the basic elements in electronics? 5. What advantages of electronic devices are there? 6. When was the first transistor invented? 7. When did the development of LSI circuits begin? 8. What contribution has electronics made into automation?

UNIT 3

Task 1. Study new words and word combinations.

1	substance	['sʌbstəns]	вещество
2	to be composed of	[kəm'pəuzd]	состоять из
3	orbit	['ɔːbɪt]	вращаться
4	depend on	[dɪ'pend]	зависеть от
5	charge	[ʧɑːʤ]	заряд, заряжать
6	move	[muːv]	двигаться
7	constitute	['kɔnstɪtjuːt]	составлять
8	electric current	['kʌrənt ]; ['kɜːrənt]	электрический ток
9	conductor	[kən'dʌktə]	проводник
10	allow	[ə'lau]	позволять
11	wire	['waɪə]	провод
12	to be coated with		быть покрытым чем-либо
13	insulating material	['ɪnsjəleɪtɪŋ mə'tɪərɪəl]	изолирующий материал
14	conductivity	[ˌkɔndʌk'tɪvətɪ]	проводимость
15	impurity	[ɪm'pjuərətɪ]	примесь
16	resist		сопротивляться
17	direct current (DC)		постоянный ток
18	alternating current (AC)	['ɔːltəneɪtɪŋ]	переменный ток
19	change	[ʧeɪnʤ]	менять
20	switch on/off		включать/ выключать
21	frequency	['friːkwənsɪ]	частота
22	voltage	['vəultɪʤ ], ['vɔltɪʤ]	напряжение
23	volts (V)		вольты
24	amperes (A)	['æmpɛə]	амперы
25	coulomb (C)	['kuːlɔm]	кулоны
26	power		мощность
27	watts (W)	[wɔt]	ватты
28	to be equal to	['iːkwəl]	равняться, быть эквивалентным
29	consume	[kən'sjuːm]	потреблять

Task 2. Read the text about substances and elements they consist of.

All substances, solids, liquids or gases, are composed of one or more of the chemical elements. Each element is composed of identical atoms. Each atom is composed of a small central nucleus consisting of protons and neutrons around which orbit shells of electrons. These electrons are very much smaller than protons and neutrons. The electrons in the outermost shell are called valence electrons and the electrical properties of the substance depend on the number of these electrons. Neutrons have no electric charge, but protons have a positive charge while electrons have a negative charge. In some substances, usually metals, the valence electrons are free to move from one atom to another and this is what constitutes an electric current.

TASK 3. Read the text again and complete the sentences with the missing information.

1. Elements make up …. 2. Identical atoms …. 3. Atoms consist of …, … and …. 4. Inside there are … and …, while outside …. 5. Shells …. 6. Valence electrons …. 7. Neutrons do not have …. 8. Electricity is generated when ….

TASK 4. Listen and complete the text with the missing information.

Electricity consists of a 1) … of free electrons along a conductor. To produce this current flow, a generator is placed at the end of the conductor in order to move the 2) ….

Conductors

Electricity needs a material which allows a current to pass through easily, which offers little 3) … to the flow and is full of free electrons. This material is called a conductor and can be in the form of a bar, tube or sheet. The most commonly used 4) … are wires, available in many sizes and thicknesses. They are coated with insulating materials such as plastic.

Semiconductors

Semiconductors such as silicon and germanium are used in transistors and their conductivity is halfway in between a conductor and an 5) …. Small quantities of other substances, called impurities, are introduced in the material to 6) … the conductivity.

Insulators

A material which contains very 7) … electrons is called an insulator. Glass, rubber, dry wood and 8) … resist the flow of electric charge, and as such they are good insulating materials.

TASK 5. Read the text again and decide if the following statements are true (T) or false (F), then correct the false ones.

1. A flow of electrons moving inside a conductor creates an electric current.

2. A generator is used to move the charges.

3. Electrons can easily pass through any material.

4. Any material is a good conductor.

5. Conductors are coated with insulators.

6. The presence of free electrons affects the conductivity of materials.

7. Impurities are introduced to increase conductivity.

8. Insulating materials resist the flow of electrons.

TASK 6. Read the text and complete the table with the missing information.

There are two types of current: Direct current (DC) and Alternating current (AC). Direct current is a continuous flow of electrons in one direction and it never changes its direction until the power is stopped or switched off.

Alternating current constantly changes its direction because of the way it is generated. The term 'frequency' is used to indicate how many times the current changes its direction in one second.

Alternating current has a great advantage over direct current because it can be transmitted over very long distances through small wires, by making energy high voltage and low current.

There are several quantities that are important when we are talking about electric current. Volts (V) – so named after the Italian physicist Alessandro Volta – measure the difference of electric potential between two points on a conducting wire. Amperes (A) measure the amount of current flowing through a conductor, that is to say the number of electrons passing a point in a conductor in one second.

Coulomb (C) measure the quantity of charge transferred in one second by a steady current of one ampere. Power is the rate at which work is performed and it is measured in watts (W). A Kilowatt (kW), which is equal to one thousand watts, is used to measure the amount of used or available energy. The amount of electrical energy consumed in one hour at the constant rate of one kilowatt is called kilowatt-hour.

Unit of measurement	What does it measure?
(1)	the number of electrons passing a given point in a conductor in one second
(2)	the quantity of electricity transferred by a steady current of one ampere
(3)	the amount of electric energy used
(4)	the difference of potential between two points of a conductor
(5)	rate at which work is done

TASK 7. Listen to the recording and fill in the gaps.

The position of Vanessa Thompson is 1)…. The lecture is read on 2)… and 3)….The students learn about 4)… in her class. The first thing the students study is how 5)…. This is important for in-depth study of 6)…. The three things which students learn about after that are 7)…, 8)… and 9)…. Students also learn how substance 10)…. In the end, they are explained how to 11)… electricity. The units of measurement which they study are amperes, 12)…, 13)…, and 14)…. Finally students do a 15)… which is an electrical 16) ….

UNIT 4

Task 1. Study new words and word combinations

1	network	['netwɜːk]	сеть
2	pathway	['pɑːθweɪ]	путь, дорожка, соединение
3	circuit	['sɜːkɪt]	цепь, схема
4	power source	[sɔːs]	источник питания
5	attach to	[ə'tæʧ]	присоединять
6	terminal	['tɜːmɪnəl]	клемма, контакт, зажим
7	load	[ləud]	нагрузка
8	switch	[swɪʧ]	переключатель
9	turn into	[tɜːn]	превращать, преобразовывать
10	speaker		динамик
11	provide	[prə'vaɪd]	обеспечивать
12	sound		звук
13	storage	['stɔːrɪʤ]	хранение
14	deliver		доставлять
15	short circuit		короткое замыкание
16	resistance	[rɪ'zɪstənts]	сопротивление
17	prevent smth from smth		предотвращать, предохранять
18	fuse	[fjuːz]	предохранитель
19	melt		плавиться
20	appliance	[ə'plaɪəns]	прибор
21	series circuit	['sɪəriːz]	последовательное соединение
22	parallel circuit		параллельное соединение
23	socket		розетка
24	overheating		перегрев
25	overloading		перегрузка
26	fault	[fɔːlt]	сбой, неисправность

TASK 2. Read the text and translate it from English into Russian.

An electric circuit or network is a pathway through which the electric current can flow. A simple circuit consists of a power source, two conducting wires, each one attached to a terminal of the source and a device through which electricity can flow. This device is called a load and it's attached to the wires. If all the parts are properly connected, the current flows and the lamp lights up. This kind of circuit is called 'closed'. On the contrary, if the wires are disconnected the circuit is called 'open' or 'broken'. The circuit can be opened and closed by a device called a switch. Loads can turn electrical energy into a more useful form. Some examples are: light bulbs, which change electrical energy into light energy; electric motors, which change electrical energy into mechanical energy; speakers, which change energy into sound.

The source provides the electrical energy used by the load. It can be a storage battery or a generator. The switch interrupts the current delivered to the load by the source and allows us to control the flow. When an abnormally high amount of current passes through a network, you get a short circuit. This may occur when there is a drop in the resistance or a broken insulation. In order to prevent short circuits, it is best to use fuses, which melt when too much current flows through them, interrupting in this way the circuit.

TASK 3. Match the words with their definitions.

1. load 2. switch 3. source 4. fuse 5. closed circuit 6. broken circuit

a) a device which interrupts the circuit b) a circuit in which wires are disconnected c) a device which provides power d) a complete circuit with no breaks at all e) a device which consumes electric power f) a protective device

TASK 4. Read the text again and answer the following questions.

1. What does a simple circuit consist of? 2. What happens to the lamp in a closed circuit? 3. Can you name some examples of loads? 4. What is a generator? 5. What is the function of a switch? 6. When does a short circuit occur? 7. What can we use to prevent short circuits? 8. How does a fuse work?

TASK 5.Complete the text with the words from the box. Then listen and check.

current, turn on, branch, amount, positive, appliances, continue, burns out, path

The 1) … of a circuit can be wired in two different ways: series or parallel. If components are arranged one after another to form a single 2) … between the terminals and the components, the circuit is known as a series circuit. In this type of circuit, the 3) … flows from the negative terminal to the 4) … terminal, passing through all the components of the circuit. This means that the 5) … of energy passing through all the components in the series is the same. The main disadvantage of a series circuit is that when a single component in the path 6) …, the entire circuit stops operating (e.g. Christmas tree lights).

A parallel circuit consists of several paths connecting the different components. Each separate path is called a 7) … of the circuit. Current from the source divides and flows through the different branches. Unlike series circuits, if one of the components in the parallel circuit burns out, the other paths 8) … to operate. Parallel circuits are commonly used to connect 9) … at home, so that each socket can function independently. For example, you don't have to 10) … the light in your room for the TV socket to work.

TASK 6. Read the text and find synonyms for the following words: excessive, loading up, reacting to high temperatures, adjusted, to melt, clients.

A fuse can be added to an electric circuit to protect it from the effects of undue power. This safety device, which is made of a heat-sensitive alloy, is connected in series with the circuit it has to protect. If an excessive amount of current flows through the circuit, the alloy will liquefy and open the circuit. A circuit breaker is fundamental in a house to protect circuits against overloading, overheating and short circuits. The advantage of a circuit breaker is that it can be reset after the overloading by replacing the fuse. A professional electrician should always provide his customers with a map of the electric circuit in the house so that it will be easier to work on it in case of faults.

UNIT 5

Task 1. Study new words and word combinations.

1	introduction	[ˌɪntrə'dʌkʃ(ə)n]	введение, вступление
2	compare	[kəm'pɛə]	сравнивать
3	compression	[kəm'preʃ(ə)n]	сжатие
4	come into use		начать использоваться
5	achieve	[ə'ʧiːv]	достигать
6	diode	['daɪəud]	диод
7	capacitor	[kə'pæsɪtə]	конденсатор
8	resistor	[rɪ'zɪstə]	резистор
9	separate	['sep(ə)rət]	отдельный
10	require	[rɪ'kwaɪə]	требовать
11	carbon	['kɑːb(ə)n]	углерод
12	ceramics	[sə'ræmɪks]	керамика
13	dielectric	[ˌdaɪɪ'lektrɪk]	диэлектрик
14	tungsten	['tʌŋstən]	вольфрам
15	create	[krɪ'eɪt]	создавать
16	specify	['spesɪfaɪ]	точно определять; детально излагать
17	transmitter	[trænz'mɪtə], [træns'mɪtə]	передатчик
18	receiver	[rɪ'siːvə]	приемник
19	complex	['kɔmpleks]	сложный
20	interconnection	[ˌɪntəkə'nekʃ(ə)n]	взаимная связь
21	simplify	['sɪmplɪfaɪ]	упрощать
22	logical	['lɔʤɪk(ə)l]	логический
23	assemble	[ə'sembl]	собирать
24	board	[bɔːd]	плата, подложка
25	plug	[plʌg]	включать в розетку, подсоединять
26	decrease	[dɪ'kriːs]	уменьшать
27	approach	[ə'prəuʧ]	подход
28	result in/ from	[rɪ'zʌlt]	приводить к чему-либо/ возникать в результате
29	embody		включать
30	density		плотность
31	comprise		включать в себя
32	per square inch	[skwɛə]	на квадратный дюйм

TASK 2. Study the following pronunciation rules of Participle II endings and divide all the regular verbs from UNITS 1-5 into three columns according to the way their endings are pronounced.

-ed

[id] [t] [d]

[t, d] voiceless consonants voiced consonants and vowels

wanted pushed played, called

TASK 3. Study the following table of Past Simple and the rules of its use.

We use it when we speak about:

Past actions that are finished now (I played computer games yesterday.)

Past habit (I always went to school on foot.)

A series of actions in the past (I took my things, left home and went to university.)

Time references: a moment ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, two days ago, last week…