In modern science, there is no generally accepted classification of periods of growth and development and their age limits.
· Newborn - 1 - 10 days;
· Infancy - 10 days - 1 year;
· Early childhood - 1 - 3 years;
· First childhood - 4 - 7 years;
· Second childhood - 8 - 12 boys, 8 - 11 year old girls;
· Teens - 13 - 16 years Boys 12 - 15 years old girl;
· Youth age - 17 - '21 young men, 16 - 20 years old girl;
· Mature age, I of the period - 22 - 35 years old male, 22 - 35 years old woman;
· Mature age, II of the period - 36 - 60 years old male, 36 - 55 years old woman;
· Advanced age - 61 - '74 male, 56 - 74 Women's Year;
· Old age - 75 - 90 years;
· Centenarians - 90 years and above.
Each age period is characterized by its specific features. The transition from one age period to the next is referred to as a critical stage of development of the individual, or the critical period. The duration of individual age periods is largely subject to change. As the chronological framework of the age, and its characteristics are determined primarily by social factors.
The uneven pace of growth and development at the stage of maturation is a general law. However, in this period are shown and some individual features. There are individuals, the rate of development of which is accelerated and the level of maturity they are ahead of their own chronological (calendar) age, can be observed an inverse relationship. In this regard, the term "age of the child" needs to be specified: a chronological or biological age is meant. .. Chronological age, the period lived from birth until the survey has a clear temporary border - day, month, year. Biological age is also a function of time, but it is determined by a set of morphological and functional characteristics of the organism and depends on the individual growth and development. The difference between chronological and biological age can be up to 5 years.
Non-simultaneous growth and development of individual organs and systems. The body of the child is considered as a whole, however, its individual organs and systems grow and develop asynchronously (heterochronically). Periods of accelerated growth replaced him some slowdown, due to the manifestation of active processes of differentiation of organs, tissues, cells in this time.
In the normal development of the child, both of these processes are closely related, but intensive growth periods may not coincide with periods of intense differentiation. Strong differentiation causes growth retardation. For example, the growth of the brain and spinal cord mass generally ends by 8-10 years, almost reaching the adult weight; functional improvement of nervous system is still in a very long time. Maturation of the motor analyzer comes mainly in the 13 - 14 years, through a series of stages of improving motor function, at the same time in the 15 - 18 years there is a further, intensive growth and differentiation of muscle tissue.
Thus, intensive development and final formation of individual organs and systems is not parallel. There is a definite sequence of growth and development of various structural formations and functions. This development is a prerequisite for the implementation of the most important biological and social functions at different stages of human life. This pattern Anokhin, the author of the doctrine of heterochrony and deriving from it the doctrine of systemogenesis, explains the necessity of the election and the accelerated maturation of the structural formations and functions that ensure the survival of the organism.
Functional systems ripen unevenly, included in phases, take turns providing the device body at different periods of ontogenetic development. The structures, which together should make the time of the birth of a functional system that performs vital laid and mature rapidly and selectively. For example, the orbicularis oris muscle, which provides sucking act innervated long before others are innervated muscles. Of all the hand nerves, primarily and most fully develop those that provide muscle contraction, flexor digitorum involved in grasping reflex. This selective and rapid development of morphological formations that make up a complete functional system that ensures the survival of the newborn, was named systemogenesis.
Uneven development enables rapid and selective growth and differentiation of the structures and their functions, which first of all necessary for the body at this stage of ontogenesis. This pattern is associated with symptoms of advanced maturation of vital functional systems.
The level of maturation of the relevant functional systems defined by the ability of the child's organism to different types of activities, its resistance to various environmental factors. So if, associative sections of the cerebral cortex, providing its integral function and readiness for school, mature in the course of individual development of the child for 6 - 7 years, the accelerated training of early childhood adversely affect their subsequent development. The system provides transportation of oxygen from the air to the tissues, develops gradually and reaches maturity in 16 - 17 years, therefore, necessary to ensure limitation of physical activity for children. Only upon reaching adolescence morphological and functional maturity of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems may be long-term performance of strenuous exercise and exercise endurance.
Consequently, the functional readiness to certain types of training, employment and sports activities formed simultaneously. Therefore, we should be normalized and differentiated activities and environmental factors affecting the different analyzers or functional systems. Hygiene standards throughout the maturation phase of the body will change in accordance with changes in sensitivity to age factor. Consequently, heterochrony growth and development of individual organs and systems is a scientific basis for a differentiated valuation of environmental factors and activities for children and adolescents.
Questions:
Classification features a child's body development for NP Gundobin taking into account the biological characteristics of the growing organism.
The main periods of child development allocated to science.
Physiological characteristics of puberty adolescents.
Lecture 6. The development of the child in utero. Child development in the embryonic period. Late fetal period. Intrapartum period (labor).
Objective: familiarization with the classification of the ontogenetic development of children.
Plan:
The development of the child in utero.
Child development in the embryonic period. Late fetal period.
Intrapartum period (labor).
1st week
Germ cells, formed by the merger of the maternal egg and sperm, is divided into two, and then the cells become four, then eight, and so on. That is, it is the process of dividing.
By the third day after fertilization, a dense ball, consisting of about sixteen cells. In appearance it resembles a raspberry or blackberry.
By the fourth day in a molecule forms a cavity containing liquid. Some cells give rise to the placenta and other tissues, protect and support the fruit, while others - the tissues of the embryo.
By the sixth day of the embryo is introduced into the uterine lining - the endometrium.
Week 2
Starting the embryonic period. Although the germinal vesicle very tiny, he had already composed of hundreds of cells.
The most incredible thing - the fact that the same type of cells to know what to do next, and soon they will be very different from each other. germ cells will be divided into three layers:
The outer layer forms the skin, nervous system, mucous membranes, mouth and anus. The intermediate layer gives rise to muscle, bone, cardiovascular system, reproductive system, circulatory system.
The inner layer forms the digestive tract, respiratory and urinary systems.
On the other side of the embryo, which later will be back, the spinal cord is formed.
Week 3
This is a sensitive period for the formation of fetal organs, when adverse factors (alcohol, smoking, drugs and infections) can cause irreparable harm to the fetus.
The development of organs and systems goes in the direction of "head to tail". The bodies are formed simultaneously with the tissues of their constituents.
With 20-21 days of the embryo's body stands apart from the extraembryonic organs formed by a trunk crease, which is the 20th day quite clearly expressed.
It begins development of the placenta.
Week 4
By the 4th week of the embryo, which until then was a flat disc begins to take a cylindrical shape.
It marks the first reduction in heart, and it begins to participate in the circulation.
Earlier this week, at the front end of the embryo is formed invagination - oral fossa. At this point, it has already formed the primary gut-like tube.
At the opposite end of the body is formed anal fossa.
Begins to form liver, pancreas and spleen.
Lays the cartilage of the larynx, trachea and both lungs.
Develops the thyroid gland.
By the end of the 4th week of the fruit is covered with a thin layer of skin.
Its size - less than 3 mm: future baby very tiny and maybe you have no idea about its existence. However, it has increased at 10 000 times compared to the first week!
The formation of tissues and organs. Formed at the end of stage three germ layers give rise to all organs and tissues of the body of the future. Starting next embryonic stage of development. From the ectoderm develops: the nervous system; leather; nails and hair; sebaceous and sweat glands; senses. The endoderm gives rise to the following systems: digestive; breathing; of the urinary; liver and pancreas. Most derivatives gives the third embryonic leaf - mesoderm, is formed from it: the skeletal muscles; gonads and most of the excretory system; cartilage; circulatory system; connective tissue; adrenal glands and gonads. After the formation of tissue begins next embryonic period of ontogeny - forming organs.
Two phases can be distinguished. Neurulation. Formed a set of axial organs, which includes the neural tube, notochord and intestine. Construction of other organs. Certain areas of the body acquire their characteristic shapes and outlines. Fully organogenesis ends when the embryonic period is coming to an end. It is worth noting that the development and differentiation continue after birth. Control of all stages of embryonic development, embryonic period, based on the realization of genetic information, obtained from the parents. The success and quality of implementation depends on the influence of external and internal factors. Driving developmental process consists of several stages. Genes of all the information obtained from the neighboring cells, hormones and other factors in order to arrive in an active state. Information from the genes for the synthesis of proteins at the stages of transcription and translation. Information from the protein molecules to stimulate the formation of organs and tissues. Immediately after the egg with the sperm fusion begins the first period of the embryonic development of an organism - crushing, which is fully regulated by the information that is in the egg. At the blastula stage activation occurs sperm genes, and gastrulation controlled genetic information of germ cells. Formation of tissues and organs occurs due to the information contained in the cells of the embryo. It begins the separation of stem cells, which give rise to various tissues and organs. Formation of the external signs of the body in human embryonic period depends not only on genetic information, but also from the influence of external factors.
Factors affecting embryonic development of all impacts that may affect the child's development can be divided into two groups: environmental factors; disease and the way my mother lives. The first group of factors can include the following. Radioactive radiation. If such an impact occurred in the first stage of the embryonic period, when there was not yet implanted, it is most often a spontaneous miscarriage. Electromagnetic radiation. Perhaps such an impact in finding work near electrical appliances. Exposure to chemicals here include benzene, fertilizers, dyes, chemotherapy.
Mom can also cause disturbances of embryonic development are the following hazards:
- chromosome and genetic diseases;
- using drugs, alcoholic beverages, considered vulnerable to any of the stages of fetal life;
- infectious mothers disease during pregnancy, such as rubella, syphilis, influenza, herpes;
- heart failure, asthma, obesity - in these diseases may impair oxygen delivery to the tissues of the embryo; taking medicines; especially the embryonic period is such that the most dangerous in this respect are the first 12 weeks of development;
- excessive passion synthetic vitamin preparations.
Diseases of the fetus during the latter stages of embryonic development In the last weeks of ripening occurs to vital organs of the child and prepare to endure all kinds of violations that may occur during childbirth. Before the birth of the fetus in the body creates a high level of passive immunization. At this stage, as are various diseases which can receive the fruit. The lack of oxygen due to the pathology of the placenta or umbilical cord. Infections can trigger fetal disease. Exposure to radiation. The toxic effects. Mother Injuries affecting the child. Malnutrition expectant mother, this may lead to a breach of the subcutaneous tissue.
Hazardous periods of embryonic development.
Throughout embryonic development periods can be distinguished, which are considered the most dangerous and vulnerable, because at this time there is a formation of the vital organs.
2-11 weeks, since the brain is formed.
3-7 weeks - is laying eyes and heart.
3-8 weeks - is the formation of limbs.
Week 9 - laid belly.
4-12 weeks - is the formation of sex organs.
Week 10-12 - sky tab.
consideration of the characteristics of the embryonic period once again confirms that the development of the fetus are considered to be the most dangerous periods of 10 days and up to 12 weeks. It was at this time is the formation of all major organs of the body of the future.
Questions:
Factors affecting embryonic development
Diseases of the fetus during the latter stages of embryonic development
Hazardous periods of embryonic development
Lecture 7. Thread the neonatal period. Apgar. Prognostic significance.
Objective: familiarization with the neonatal period. Apgar. Prognostic significance
Plan:
Thread the neonatal period.
Apgar’s scale.
Prognostic significance.
Neonatal period lasts until the end of the first month of life (28 days suspended). And it starts with the first breath a baby. In addition, customary to distinguish early and late neonatal period. The early neonatal period lasts for the first 7 days of life, and later, respectively, - the following three weeks.
Neonatal period - is a period of time when the baby is separated from the mother physically, but the physiological relationship is very strong.
Characteristics of neonatal baby has several features:
- Incomplete maturity of the systems and organs of the newborn baby;
- Considerable immaturity of the central nervous system;
- Changes in the functional, biochemical and morphological character;
- Functional mobility of water exchange;
- The body of the newborn baby is strongly exposed to external factors (even small changes can lead to serious disorders, and physiological processes in abnormal flow). the neonatal period is characterized by the fact that the baby almost always sleeps. Setting affection, care needs in food, drink and sleep adults help the baby survive.
This period is also an adaptation to the new unfamiliar conditions of life:
- Gradually baby begins to sleep less, but more awake;
- Develop the visual and auditory systems;
- Develop the first conditioned reflexes (for example, if the baby lay down on his knees to his mother, he knows what it takes to open her mouth and turn his head).
Description baby in the neonatal period
1) A newborn baby can observe the differences in the proportions of the body compared to an adult. The baby's head is much larger in relation to the body (a full-term infant head mass is about 25% of the total body, preterm - up to 30-35% whereas in adults - about 12%). This feature is due to the fact that brain development in the neonatal period is ahead of other organs and systems.
2) Head circumference in full-term infants is about 32-35 cm.
3) The shape of the head may be different, and it depends from the generic process. At birth by cesarean section baby's head is round. Passing through natural child birth canal provides mobility of the skull bones, so the baby's head can be flattened, elongated or asymmetrical shape.
4) on top of the skull in an infant has a soft benevolent (from 1 to 3 cm) - the place of the head, where there is no cranial bones.
Apgar score - a numerical score child's condition after birth, for determining its basic vital functions in intensive care needs. Apgar score, along with the weight and height reported to parents after the birth of the child.
Evaluation of neonatal Apgar was developed and offered in 1952 in the United States, the author - Anesthesiologist, Professor Virginia Apgar. Apgar score has been proposed for the rapid assessment of the newborn, Apgar scores indicate the presence of multiple vital signs and assess their severity.
Total five signs, and they can evaluate from 0 to 2 points. 0 points - there is no sign, 1 point - is weak, 2 points - pronounced. Apgar Scores are summed up, and get a number from 0 to 10, however, the ideal of 10 points in the first minute of life is practically nonexistent.
Neonatal Apgar score quickly gained popularity around the world because of its practicality, accuracy status of newborn assessment, there is no need to use any equipment. She spends her midwife, birth attendant present at birth or neonatologist.
Evaluation of the child's Apgar carried out in the first minute of life, and in five minutes. Changing the status of the newborn, its adaptation in the environment occur fast enough, and 5-6 Apgar score at 5 minutes can rise to 9-10. If necessary, the slow normalization of the child's condition, the evaluation can be repeated and 10 minutes later, after resuscitation and newborn care.
The assessment is written as follows: Apgar score 7/8 points, two scores by a fraction, the first - in the first minute, the second - in the fifth minute.
How to interpret the Apgar score:
- 7-10 points - the child is born healthy and well adapted.
- 5-6 - there are small deviations in the health of the child requires a doctor's attention.
- 3-4 points - a serious condition that requires immediate medical attention.
- 0-2 points - a very serious condition, the child will die without resuscitation.
Below is a table Apgar, on which an assessment.
Signs of
|
0 point |
1 point |
2 point |
Pulse |
Absent |
Less than 100 beats / min |
More than 100 beats / min |
Breath |
Absent |
Slow, irregular |
Good, crying |
muscle tone
|
Weak |
Flex arms and legs |
Actively moves |
Reflexes (reaction to a catheter nose)
|
Absent |
grimaces |
Sneezes, coughs, repels |
Color of the skin |
Cyanotic, pale |
Normal, but cyanotic hands and feet |
Normal throughout the body |
As you can see, evaluated the most important signs of a child's life:
- Activity, the presence of spontaneous movements. Healthy newborn retains fetal position, its handle bent and close to the body, it shows a pronounced motor activity.
- The heartbeat of the baby, his pulse.
- The presence of spontaneous reflexes - healthy reactions of the nervous system healthy newborn.
- Skin color, indicating the circulation.
- Baby's breath and cry.
If a child is born with a score Apgar score 0 (no movement, breathing, heart rate), it is recognized to be stillborn, and are not revived. The presence of at least one characteristic of live birth (the child Apgar scores at least 1 point or higher) indication for resuscitation.
Questions:
Characteristics of neonatal baby
Description baby in the neonatal period
Apgar score
Lecture 8. The functional state of organs and systems of a healthy newborn. Transition states.
Objective: familiarization with the functional state of organs and systems of a healthy newborn
Plan:
Healthy newborn
Transition states.
The birth of a child is accompanied by pain, the influence of Earth's gravity forces, rapid changes in temperature and humidity of the environment, the influence of audio, visual and tactile stimuli. The baby is under stress, but immediately after birth and during the early neonatal period in the body of the child reactions occur, the end result of which is the opportunity to live in new conditions extrauterine. These reactions are called transitional, because they represent the transition from fetal to adult living conditions, transient - because all these states are themselves, physiological - because they are normal and necessary in the development of the newborn; border they are called, because these states are moving in the pathological under adverse conditions.
The process of the birth of the baby to the body is an absolute stress associated with the restructuring of the body and heavy physical activity. Immediately after birth the baby habitat conditions change dramatically, the newborn gets to him unusual for environment. The temperature here is much lower than that to which he was accustomed to in the womb, there is gravity, new sensations coming from the senses - visual images, sounds, touch. A newborn new type of breathing for him - a new type of pulmonary and digestive. These restructuring and experiences related to changes in all organs and systems. It is in these rearrangements are transient causes, or transient, conditions. They appear after birth and after some time pass without a trace. Under certain transient conditions, the physiological state can go in and cause pathological diseases. I believe that parents need to know the symptoms of the transition states and the limits beyond which the rate is converted into a pathology that requires treatment by a qualified technician.
The transition state of the newborn a lot, because all organ systems are changing. Some children do not all have visible signs, but laboratory they can identify each child.
1. Weight loss
Physiological weight loss occurs in all infants, regardless of birth weight. This process is because, first, during the birth stress triggered the mechanism of enhanced metabolism and the child is born with a very active energy expenditure of the process, and secondly, after the stress the body usually takes a certain amount of liquid, and a source of sufficient fill it until not, as there is a sufficiently large amount of colostrum and milk.
In the first day or two the baby spends "buffer stocks", which are prepared in the form of in utero accumulation of fat in certain parts of the body. The rate of weight loss - 6-7% of birth weight. A full-term baby on the 10th day after birth, and preterm - 14 minutes, weighs the same as at birth. I have to say that adequate thermal conditions in weight for the normal functioning of organs and gain needed, which will mention later.
If there is no physiologic neonatal weight loss, one can speak of water retention associated most likely with urinary systems disorders. This situation requires urgent treatment to the doctor.
2. Transient violation heat exchange (Transient fever)
The child may slightly increase body temperature because thermoregulation processes in his immature. Normal baby's body temperature - up to 37 degrees. The measurement is best done in the groin, a mercury thermometer.
Kids can not keep a constant body temperature and are very sensitive to changes in ambient temperature. The instability of the thermoregulatory center leads to a slight attack of hypothermia or overheating. This is due to the peculiarities of the skin, sweat glands poor and rich in blood vessels. It is important to observe the normal temperature in the baby room: 22 degrees for full-term infants and 24 degrees for premature and low birthweight. This is only an indicative figure. There are individual characteristics kid reaction to temperature changes. So often a comfortable temperature must be chosen, focusing on the child's preferences.