Заперечна форма дієслова to be

Підмет	BE	NOT	Інші члени речення
He	is	Not	a student any more.
They	were	Not	busy yesterday.
We	will not be			busy tomorrow.

Запитальна форма дієслова to be

Запитальне слово (якщо воно є)	BE	Підмет	Інші члени речення
	Is	she	a doctor?
Where	were	you	yesterday?
	Will you be			busy tomorrow?

Exercise 8. Fill in the gaps with the correct form of the verb to be:

1. English _____ a Germanic language.

2. Our planet _____ a unique phenomenon in the Universe.

3. _____ there many scientific books in this library?

4. Language _____ a perfect means of expression and communication.

5. Who _____ the creator of the material and spiritual treasures of mankind?

6. Our students _____ in the workshop now.

7. The delegation _____ at the plant tomorrow.

8. What _____ the greatest achievements in science and technology in the XXth century?

9. An automobile _____ a wheeled vehicle that carries its own motor and transports passengers.

10. New England _____ the birthplace of many of the early auto companies.

Exercise 9. Read and translate the following sentences. Form a negative sentence, a general question and one special question to each sentence:

1. Today science is an instrument in planning and promoting scientific, technological and social progress.

2. D.I. Mendeleyev was the founder of modern chemistry.

3. They were in the chemical laboratory a week ago.

4. Heat is a form of energy.

5. Technical college is a college specializing in technical subjects.

6. Chemistry will be very useful in your future profession.

7. A tram is a rail vehicle which runs on tracks along public urban streets.

8. The 1912 Cadillac was the first vehicle to have an effective self-starting engine.

9. A double-decker tram is a tram that has two levels.

10. The early steam powered vehicles were so heavy that they were only practical on a perfectly flat surface as strong as iron.

Exercise 10. Translate the following sentences into English:

1. Двигун – це машина, яка перетворює теплову енергію в механічну.

2. Одним з перших винахідників автомобіля за кордоном був Карл Бенц.

3. Який найбільший науково-дослідний центр у вашій країні?

4. Природа і захист навколишнього середовища – одні з основних екологічних проблем в нашій країні.

5. Багато хто з моїх друзів – студенти автомобільно-дорожнього університету.

6. Першими фізиками були грецькі вчені.

7. Їх не було вчора в лабораторії.

8. Вчені впевнені, що в хімії буде багато нових відкриттів.

9. Найперші трамваї були в південному Уельсі, Великобританія.

10. Першими виробниками автомобілів були не американці. Це були французи.

Займенники

Особові займенники		Присвійні займенники		Зворотні займенники
Називний відмінок	Об’єктний відмінок	Відносні	Абсолютні	Зворотні займенники
I	me	my	mine	myself
you	you	your	yours	yourself
he	him	his	his	himself
she	her	her	hers	herself
it	it	its	its	itself
we	us	Our	ours	ourselves
you	you	your	yours	yourselves
they	them	their	theirs	themselves

Exercise 11. Fill in the gaps with the correct form of personal pronouns:

1. I work for my mother. I help _____ in the shop. And she gives _____ some money.

2. My brother works at the hospital. _____ is a doctor.

3. My favorite subject is History. _____ is very exciting.

4. Tom is a good lawyer. Do you know _____?

5. Look at her. _____ is so beautiful!

6. Where is my notebook? I can’t find _____.

7. These are my souvenirs. _____ bought _____ in England.

8. Where is Cindy? I can’t see _____.

9. Peter and Anna need your help. Can you help _____?

10. We are going shopping. Let’s go with _____.

Exercise 12. Replace the underlined words with the correct form of personal pronouns:

1. Jack and I met Samantha. Samantha gave Jack a letter for you. Take the letter.

2. Den and Mike are leaving for New York. I am driving Den and Mike to the airport.

3. I’m calling Alex. I haven’t seen Alex for ages. And Alex isn’t at school.

4. Let’s go to the library with Peter and me. Peter and I need some books in Japanese.

5. Here is our cat Felix. Felix is hungry. I will feed Felix.

Exercise 13. Fill in the gaps with the correct form of possessive adjectives and possessive pronouns:

1. Is this _____ your bicycle? – No, it isn`t _____. _____ bicycle is broken.

2. That isn`t Peter`s sister. _____ sister is at work.

3. Whose car is it? Is it your parents`? – No, it isn`t _____.

4. Is that your university? – No, it isn`t ____. _____ university is round the corner.

5. Ann`s uncle is a businessman. This is _____ office.

6. _____ car is much cheaper than _____.

7. Now all your problems are solved. Help us with _____.

8. Jack always helps _____ wife to look after _____ children.

9. She is not as clever as that friend of _____.

10. He is in love with _____ car. _____ style is fantastic.

Exercise 14. Translate the following sentences with reflexive pronouns:

1. Help yourself.

2. Enjoy yourselves.

3. I have cut myself.

4. Don’t blame yourself.

5. She likes to talk to herself.

6. Make yourselves comfortable.

7. He hurt himself.

8. Let me introduce myself.

9. We can’t defend ourselves.

10. They carried all their luggage themselves.

Exercise 15. Fill in the gaps with the correct form of reflexive pronouns:

1. Dinner is ready! Sit down and help _____ the chicken.

2. Tom built the house _____.

3. Kate hurt _____ while she was playing volleyball.

4. I really enjoyed _____ at the seaside.

5. It’s very delicious! Did you invent the recipe _____?

6. We painted the walls of our kitchen _____.

7. He chose the car _____.

8. They were proud of _____.

9. We wished _____ good luck before the exam.

10. They devoted _____ to their children.

IV. Pre-text discussion.

Activity 1. Do you know that:

• Adolf Hitler ordered Ferdinand Porsche to manufacture a Volkswagen, which literally means «People's Car» in German. This car went on to become the Volkswagen Beetle.

• In 1971, the cabinet of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi proposed the production of a 'People's Car' for India – the contract of which was given to Sanjay Gandhi. Before contacting Suzuki, Sanjay Gandhi held talks with Volkswagen AG for a possible joint venture, encompassing transfer of technology and joint production of the Indian version of the «People's car», that would also mirror Volkswagen's global success with the Beetle. However, it was Suzuki that won the final contract since it was quicker in providing a feasible design. The resulting car was based on Suzuki's Model 796 and went on to rewrite automotive history in India as the Maruti 800.

• Volkswagen named several of its cars after wind. Passat – a German word for trade wind; Golf – Gulf stream; Polo – polar winds; Jetta – jet stream.

Activity 2. Make up dialogues of your own discussing the information given in the part «Do you know that».

Activity 3. Give your opinion on the following:

1. Advantages and disadvantages of steam-powered vehicles.

2. Advantages and disadvantages of electric vehicles.

3. Advantages and disadvantages of gasoline-powered vehicles.

4. Other types of engines popular in your country.

5. Popularity and efficiency of hybrid vehicles.

V. Read and translate text 1A.

Text 1A

The History of the Automobile

The word automobile is a classical compound derived from the Ancient Greek word autós (meaning self), and the Latin word mobilis (meaning movable).

So, who invented the automobile? This question does not have a straightforward answer. The automobile was not invented in a single day by a single inventor. The history of the automobile is very rich and dates back to the 15th century when Leonardo da Vinci was creating designs and models for transport vehicles

But it is the year 1886 which is regarded as the birth year of the modern car. In that year, German inventor Karl Benz built the Benz Patent-Motorwagen.

Early Steam Powered Cars

In 1769, the very first self-propelled road vehicle was a military tractor invented by French engineer and mechanic, Nicolas Joseph Cugnot (1725-1804). It was used by the French Army to haul artillery at a whopping speed of 2 1/2 mph on only three wheels. The vehicle had to stop every ten to fifteen minutes to build up steam power. The following year (1770), Cugnot built a steam-powered tricycle that carried four passengers. Steam engines powered cars by burning fuel that heated water in a boiler, creating steam that expanded and pushed pistons that turned the crankshaft, which then turned the wheels.

Steam engines were not the only engines used in early automobiles. Vehicles with electrical engines were also invented. Electric cars used rechargeable batteries that powered a small electric motor. The vehicles were heavy, slow, expensive, and needed to stop for recharging frequently.

Both steam and electric road vehicles were abandoned in favor of gas-powered vehicles. Electricity found greater success in tramways and streetcars, where a constant supply of electricity was possible.

The History of Electric Vehicles

Who invented the very first electric vehicle is uncertain and several inventors have been given credit. More practical and more successful electric road vehicles were invented by Thomas Davenport and Scotsmen Robert Davidson around 1842. Both inventors were the first to use the newly invented but non-rechargeable electric cells or batteries.

In the late 1800s, France and Great Britain were the first nations to support the widespread development of electric vehicles while Americans began to devote attention to electric vehicles in 1895 after an electric tricycle was built by A. L. Ryker and William Morrison built a six-passenger wagon both in 1891.

By the turn of the century, America was prosperous and cars, now available in steam, electric, or gasoline versions, were becoming more popular. The years 1899 and 1900 were the high point of electric cars in America, as they outsold all other types of cars.

Electric vehicles had many advantages over their competitors in the early 1900s. They did not have the vibration, smell, and noise associated with gasoline cars.

Electric vehicles enjoyed success into the 1920s with production peaking in 1912. But later the electric car declined in popularity and had all but disappeared by 1935.

The 60s and 70s saw a need for alternative-fueled vehicles to reduce the problems of exhaust emissions from internal combustion engines and to reduce the dependency on imported foreign crude oil. Many attempts to produce practical electric vehicles occurred during the years from 1960 and beyond.

The Internal Combustion Engine and Early Gas-Powered Cars

Many history books say that the automobile was invented by either Gottlieb Daimler or Karl Benz because both Daimler and Benz invented highly successful and practical gasoline-powered vehicles that ushered in the age of modern automobiles. Daimler and Benz invented cars that looked and worked like the cars we use today.

An internal combustion engine is any engine that uses the explosive combustion of fuel to push a piston within a cylinder – the piston's movement turns a crankshaft that then turns the car wheels via a chain or a drive shaft. The different types of fuel commonly used for car combustion engines are gasoline (or petrol), diesel, and kerosene.

A brief outline of the history of the internal combustion engine includes the following highlights:

• 1680 – Dutch physicist, Christian Huygens designed (but never built) an internal combustion engine that was to be fueled with gunpowder.

• 1858 – Belgian-born engineer, Jean Joseph Étienne Lenoir invented a double-acting, electric spark-ignition internal combustion engine fueled by coal gas.

• 1876 – Nikolaus August Otto invented a successful four-stroke engine, known as the "Otto cycle".

• 1885 – Gottlieb Daimler invented what is often recognized as the prototype of the modern gas engine – with a vertical cylinder, and with gasoline injected through a carburetor.

• 1886 – On January 29, Karl Benz received the first patent for a gas-fueled car.

• 1889 – Daimler built an improved four-stroke engine with mushroom-shaped valves and two V-slant cylinders.

• 1890 – Wilhelm Maybach built the first four-cylinder, four-stroke engine.

Engine design and car design were integral activities, almost all of the engine designers mentioned above also designed cars, and a few went on to become major manufacturers of automobiles. Daimler founded the Daimler Motoren-Gesellschaft in 1890 to manufacture his designs. Eleven years later, Wilhelm Maybach designed the Mercedes automobile.

The First Mass Producers of Cars – The Assembly Line

By the early 1900s, gasoline cars started to outsell all other types of motor vehicles. The market was growing for economical automobiles and the need for industrial production was pressing.

The first car manufacturers (builders of entire motor vehicles for sale and not just engine inventors who experimented with car design to test their engines) in the world were French: Panhard & Levassor (1889) and Peugeot (1891). Rene Panhard and Emile Levassor built their first car in 1890 using a Daimler engine.

The first automobile to be mass produced in the United States was the 1901, Curved Dash Oldsmobile, built by the American car manufacturer Ransome Eli Olds (1864-1950). Olds invented the basic concept of the assembly line and started the Detroit area automobile industry.

American car manufacturer, Henry Ford (1863-1947) invented an improved assembly line and installed the first conveyor belt-based assembly line in his car factory in Ford's Highland Park, Michigan plant, around 1913-1914.

The assembly line reduced production costs for cars by reducing assembly time. Ford made his first car, called the «Quadricycle» in June, 1896.

However, success came after he formed the Ford Motor Company in 1903. He introduced the Model T in 1908 and it was a success. After installing the moving assembly lines in his factory in 1913, Ford became the world's biggest car manufacturer. By 1927, 15 million Model Ts had been manufactured.

VI. Comprehension check.

Activity 1. Do the false / true activity:

1. The automobile was not invented in a single day by a single inventor.

2. Nicolas Joseph Cugnot built the Benz Patent-Motorwagen in 1886.

3. The very first self-propelled road vehicle was a military tractor invented by French engineer and mechanic, Henry Ford.

4. In the late 1800s, the United States and Germany were the first nations to support the widespread development of electric vehicles.

5. The years 1899 and 1900 were the high point of electric cars in America, as they outsold all other types of cars.

6. Electric vehicles had many disadvantages over their competitors in the early 1900s. They had the vibration, smell, and made much noise.

7. By the early 1900s, gasoline cars started to outsell all other types of motor vehicles.

8. The first car manufacturers (builders of entire motor vehicles for sale and not just engine inventors who experimented with car design to test their engines) in the world were German.

9. American car manufacturer, Henry Ford, invented an improved assembly line and installed the first conveyor belt-based assembly line in his car factory in Ford's Highland Park, Michigan plant, around 1913-1914.

10. The assembly line increased production costs for cars by reducing assembly time.

Activity 2. Look through the text 1A carefully. Then complete the following to make suitable sentences according to the meaning of the text:

1. The word automobile is a classical compound derived from ____.

2. The history of the automobile is very rich and dates back to ____.

3. But it is the year _____ which is regarded as the birth year of the modern car. In that year, German inventor Karl Benz built the Benz Patent-Motorwagen.

4. In 1769, the very first self-propelled road vehicle was _____ invented by French engineer and mechanic, Nicolas Joseph Cugnot.

5. Steam engines powered cars by __________________________.

6. Electric cars used _____________________________________________.

7. Electric vehicles had many advantages over their competitors in the early 1900s. They __________________________________.

8. The 60s and 70s saw a need for alternative-fueled vehicles to reduce ____.

9. An internal combustion engine is any engine that _____________.

10. The different types of fuel commonly used for car combustion engines are _____.

11. In 1890 Wilhelm Maybach built the first _________________.

12. American car manufacturer, Henry Ford (1863-1947) invented an improved _____.

VII. Discussion.

Activity 1. Work in pairs. Ask and answer the questions on text 1A.

Activity 2. Translate in writing and reproduce:

Dialogue 1.

• Добрий день, Пітер. Давно тебе не бачив. Де ти був весь цей час?

• Я зараз живу в Харкові. Я вступив до Харківського автомобільно-дорожнього університету.

• Правда? Так, я пам'ятаю, що ти завжди захоплювався автомобілями, їх історією. А на якому факультеті ти навчаєшся?

• Я вчуся на другому курсі автомобільного факультету.

• У вас багато пар щодня?

• Так, по три-чотири пари. У нас багато предметів технічної спрямованості, де ми вивчаємо пристрій автомобілів, а також у нас є гуманітарні предмети – історія, філософія, українська мова, англійська мова та ін.

Dialogue 2.

• Ти знаєш, я недавно прочитав дуже цікаву книгу з історії автомобілів і знайшов там багато цікавого.

• Правда? Це дуже цікаво. Я знаю, що перші машини з'явилися в XVIII столітті, але вже Леонардо да Вінчі створював перші креслення і моделі транспортних засобів.

• Так, я теж прочитав це. Однак є версія, що перший автомобіль на паровому ходу був побудований близько 1672 року як іграшка для китайського імператора. І хоча він був невеликого розміру і не міг везти водія і пасажирів, але, можливо, він був першим працюючим паровим транспортом.

• Невже? Я ніколи про це не чув.

• Так, також там пишуть, що перший автомобіль з бензиновим двигуном, який дійсно використовувався, був сконструйований одночасно декількома незалежними німецькими винахідниками, одним з яких був Карл Бенц. Він побудував свій перший автомобіль в 1885 році.

Dialogue 3.

• Я вчора тобі дзвонив кілька разів, але так і не зміг додзвонитися.

• Так, мене запросили на виставку, присвячену історії автомобілів і я з радістю погодився. Ти ж знаєш, що мене з дитинства цікавить все, що стосується транспорту, застосування інноваційних технологій в автомобілебудуванні, а також історія створення автомобілів.

• Так, я чув про цю виставку. Її вже проводили у Франції, в Німеччині і в деяких інших країнах Європи. І що ж тобі там сподобалося найбільше?

• Там були представлені моделі автомобілів, починаючи з кінця XIX століття і до нашого часу. Так що можна було простежити всю історію автомобілебудування. Було кілька моделей американських електромобілів кінця ХIX століття. Також мені дуже сподобалася виставка робіт, присвячена історії парових автомобілів, а крім того – секції, присвячені історії автомобілебудування в різних країнах – в США, у Франції, в Німеччині, в Японії, Росії і в інших країнах. Великий інтерес для відвідувачів представляла виставка сучасних автомобілів, оснащених самими останніми розробками в області науки і техніки.

• Так, це дійсно дуже цікаво. Шкода, що мені не вдалося туди потрапити. Якщо її будуть проводити в нашому місті ще раз, я теж із задоволенням її відвідаю.

Activity 3. Make up your own dialogues on the theme The History of the Automobile.

VIII. Skim text 1B and get ready to speak about the world`s largest automotive companies.

Text 1B

Driven To Succeed: The World’s 10 Largest Automotive Companies

The automotive industry is a wide range of companies and organizations involved in the design, development, manufacture, marketing, and selling of motor vehicles. It is one of the world's most important economic sectors by revenue.

The automotive industry began in the 1890s with hundreds of manufacturers that pioneered the horseless carriage. For many decades, the United States led the world in total automobile production. In 1929 before the Great Depression, the world had 32,028,500 automobiles in use, and the U.S. automobile industry produced over 90% of them. At that time the U.S. had one car per 4.87 persons. After World War II, the U.S. produced about 75 percent of world's auto production. In 1980, the U.S. was overtaken by Japan and became world's leader again in 1994. In 2006, Japan narrowly passed the U.S. in production and held this rank until 2009, when China took the top spot with 13.8 million units. With 19.3 million units manufactured in 2012, China almost doubled the U.S. production, with 10.3 million units, while Japan was in third place with 9.9 million units.

Today, the global automotive industry has gone through rapid change, and is full of tense competition between big players fighting for larger market share. Nowadays, that means a lot of integration of advanced computers into cars, used to improve everything from navigation, to battery charging, to entertainment. Together with the superior safety and reliability of the cars of today, better performance, comfort and style, energy efficiency, and reduced environmental impact are and continue to be the priorities for automobile makers with their eyes fixed on delivering the most popular products of tomorrow.

There are several automobile companies who mint money selling cars, and there are others who made their fortune marketing trucks. It’s a complicated market, filled with dozens of options that tailor to different crowds, different tastes, and different incomes.

Here are the 10 largest automobile companies in the world.

Toyota, the world`s largest automaker, was founded in 1937 by Kiichito Toyota. Today, Toyota is the world`s largest producer of trucks, and the second largest manufacturer of cars, just behind Volkswagen. As of 2013, Toyota is also the thirteenth-largest company in the world by revenue. The largest listed company in Japan by market capitalization and revenue, Toyota has also one of the largest conglomerates in the world – the TMC.

Commonly known as GM, General Motors is an American automobile company which manufactures vehicles in 37 countries worldwide and produces several brands, including Chevrolet, GMC, Isuzu, Opel Buick, and Cadillac. It was also the largest producer of light commercial vehicles in 2012, with over 2.6 million units built.

This company also led global vehicle sales from 1931 to 2007 – 77 consecutive years – the longest ever in automotive history.

Founded in the year 1937, Volkswagen is Germany`s largest automobile manufacturing company. Known by the slogan «Das Auto» («The Car»), it is the largest manufacturer of cars in the world, boasting an impressive total of 8,576,964 cars produced in 2013. However, it comes just shy of the lead in overall vehicle manufacture, with a total output of 9,254,742 vehicles. Volkaswagen also has the world`s three best selling cars of all time: the Volkswagen Golf, the Volkswagen Beetle, and the Volkswagen Passat. Not only involved in manufacture, Volkswagen is also the highest-spending company for research and development of automobiles.

Hyundai Motor Company is a 1967-founded South Korean multinational, and is the third largest producer of cars in the world. American car sales surged in 2013 thanks to Hyundai, as it recorded the all-time US sales record in August last year by exceeding a total sales of 66,000 units. Centennial, Genesis and Accent are some of the most popular car brands produced by Hyundai. Hyundai vehicles are sold in 193 countries worldwide, through around 6,000 dealerships and showrooms.

American automobile company Ford was founded in 1903 by Henry Ford. This multinational automaker is headquartered in Dearborn, Michigan, and sells automobiles and commercial vehicles under its brand, and most of its luxury offerings under the Lincoln brand. Also listed on the New York Stock Exchanges, it is described as one of the most important industrial company in the history of America. Ford is the second largest automaker in the US and the seventh largest car producer in the world.

Founded in 1933, Nissan is a Japanese multinational automobile company headquartered in Yokohama, Japan. It is one of the largest manufacturers of light commercial vehicles, as well as of heavy commercial vehicles. The company is also known for manufacturing several memorable sports cars, like the Datsun Fairlady.

The company runs with two business segments, one which manufactures and sells vehicles, accessories, forklifts and marine products while the Sales Financing segment carries out the sales financing services.

Japanese public multinational corporation Honda Motor Company is known for the manufacture of automobiles and motorcycles. It has been the leading manufacturer of motorcycles since 1959, as well as the largest manufacturer of internal combustion engines in automobiles. It was the first Japanese automobile manufacturer, and released its first dedicated luxury brand, Acura, in 1986.

Beside manufacture of automobiles and their motorcycle businesses, Honda also produces power generators, personal watercrafts and marine engines. It is also involved in manufacture of robots with ASIMO being one of the best robots in the world.

Started as a coffee mill and bicycle manufacturing company in 1810, Peugeot SA established itself as an automobile manufacturing company in 1890. Today, Peugeot is a France-based manufacturer of passenger cars, motorcycles, bicycles, commercial vehicles and several automobile spare parts.

Though Peugeot has been popular in Europe, this company has not done much business in the US since 1991.

A Japanese multinational corporation headquartered in Minani-ku, Hamamatsu, Japan, Suzuki specializes in the manufacture of four-wheel drive vehicles, wheel chairs, automobiles, ATVs and small combustion engines. The second largest manufacturer of cars and trucks in Japan, Suzuki operates its business in three separate areas; the two-wheel vehicle branch, three-wheel vehicle branch, and the specialty vehicle branch. Indian company Maruti`s collaboration with Suzuki saw some quality cars released, including the Maruti Alto, Swift, Maruti Suzuki and Estilo, which were the highest selling cars in India.

Renault is a French multinational automobile company founded in 1899. This company is part-owned by France, with 15 percent of its stakes held by the French government. Renault manufactures Light commercial vehicles (LCV) only and does not manufacture heavy commercial vehicles or buses. Renault also does not market its cars in the US. It is the third-largest European automaker by production, coming in just under Volkswagen and PSA. This company is widely known for its presence in several motor sports, including Formula 1.

Summary writing.

Activity 1. Rearrange and write the following sentences in a paragraph that summarizes the text:

1. The largest automobile companies in the world include Toyota, General Motors, Volkswagen, Hyundai, Ford, Nissan, Honda, Peugeot, Suzuki and Renault.

2. In 2006, Japan narrowly passed the U.S. in production and held this rank until 2009, when China took the top spot with 13.8 million units.

3. The automotive industry is a wide range of companies and organizations involved in the design, development, manufacture, marketing, and selling of motor vehicles.

4. For many decades, the United States led the world in total automobile production.

5. The automotive industry began in the 1890s with hundreds of manufacturers that pioneered the horseless carriage.

6. Nowadays, that means a lot of integration of advanced computers into cars, used to improve everything from navigation, to battery charging, to entertainment.

7. Together with the superior safety and reliability of the cars of today, better performance, comfort and style, energy efficiency, and reduced environmental impact are and continue to be the priorities for automobile makers with their eyes fixed on delivering the most popular products of tomorrow.

8. There are several automobile companies who mint money selling cars, and there are others who made their fortune marketing trucks.

9. Today, the global automotive industry has gone through rapid change, and is full of tense competition between big players fighting for larger market share. Today, the global automotive industry has gone through rapid change, and is full of tense competition between big players fighting for larger market share.

10. In 1980, the U.S. was overtaken by Japan and became world's leader again in 1994.

Activity 2. Translate into English using the dictionary:

Сьогодні Японія є лідером світового автомобілебудування. Однак в епоху народження автомобіля, все було по-іншому. Перші автомобілі в Японії з'явилися тільки на початку 20 століття і створені вони були на основі європейського досвіду.

З 1907 року в Японії стали з'являтися власні автомобілі, але зібрані вони були переважно з імпортних запчастин. Першопрохідцем в цій справі став японський інженер Іошіда Шінейтаро, який створив повноцінний автомобіль з імпортним двигуном внутрішнього згоряння.

Першим по-справжньому японським автомобілем став Mitsubishi Model A, випущений в 1917 році. Винахід призначалося для політичної еліти.

З 1918 року уряд почав субсидувати випуск автомобілів. Тоді і з'явилася компанія Tokyo Ishikawajima Ship Building and Engineering, яка налагодила масовий випуск автомобілів. Результатом її роботи став автомобіль Wolseley A9 і перша японська вантажівка, яка була випущена в 1922 році.

У 1933 році компанією Mitsubishi був розроблений перший повнопривідний автомобіль. Аналогів такому винаходу в світі на той момент не було. Міцна рама, покришки з агресивним протектором, потужний двигун і привід на чотири колеса – цими характеристиками повинен був володіти ідеальний автомобіль військового часу.

У 1937 році вийшов новий закон про автомобільну промисловість, що стало зеленим світлом для появи нових лідерів автомобілебудування – Suzuki, Mazda, Subaru, Honda. В кінці 30-х років з’явилася і знаменита Toyota, яка блискуче виконала велике держзамовлення на поставку машин, і швидко зайняла лідируючі позиції в автоіндустрії.

З цього часу почалася нова ера японського автомобілебудування – виробництво високоякісних і недорогих автомобілів, які згодом завоювали світову популярність.

IX. Long-term project work.

Prepare project on the following topics:

1. The history of the automotive industry in Ukraine.

2. The Big Three in the USA.

3. The Big Three in Germany.

4. The top ten most expensive cars in the world.

X. Spoken English (Every day English).

Activity 1. Speech patterns:

Student`s Life

To enter. To finish. To leave. To graduate from. To last. To fail. To take exams. To pass exams. Subjects. Fresher. Postgraduate. To deliver. Double period. To take up Entrance examinations. Finals. To catch up. To fall behind.

	He’s a first year student.	Він – першокурсник.
2.	He’s in his first year.	Він на першому курсі.
3.	I’m a fresher.	Я – першокурсник.
4.	He’s a junior student.	Він – студент молодших курсів.
5.	I’m a senior student.	Я – старшокурсник.
6.	He’s a postgraduate.	Він – аспірант.
7.	He’s an undergraduate.	Він – студент останнього курсу.
8.	I’ve entered the faculty of Transport systems.	Я вступив до факультету транспортних систем.
9.	I’ve entered the University this year.	Я вступив до цього Університету цього року.
10.	I’m going to take up a postgraduate course.	Я збираюся вступити до аспірантури.
11.	I’ve taken up a post-graduate course.	Я вступив до аспірантури.
12.	He gives lectures in History of Ukraine.	Він читає лекції з історії України.
13.	He delivers lectures in Mathematics.	Він читає лекції з математики.
14.	I like the way he delivers lectures.	Мені подобається, як він читає лекції.
15.	I always take notes of his lectures.	Я завжди конспектую його лекції.
16.	She is popular with students.	Вона популярна серед студентів.
17.	His lectures are interesting.	Його лекції цікаві.
18.	His lectures are dull.	Його лекції нудні.
19.	His lectures are monotonous.	Його лекції монотонні.
20.	Students always attend her lectures.	Студенти завжди відвідують її лекції.
21.	I passed all entrance exams successfully last summer.	Я успішно здав усі вступні іспити літом минулого року.
22.	I’ll take final exams in 5 years.	Через п'ять років я буду здавати випускні іспити.
23.	He failed “Transport technologies” in spring.	Він провалився на «Транспортних технологіях» навесні.
24.	We’ll take five exams and four credit tests next term.	У наступному семестрі в нас буде 5 іспитів і 4 заліки.
25.	We have six lectures weekly.	У нас шість лекцій щотижня.
26.	They have four practical lessons daily.	У них чотири практичних заняття щодня.
27.	Our group has four laboratory classes every month.	Наша група виконує чотири лабораторні роботи кожного місяця.
28.	We have seminars and practical hours every week.	У нас семінари і практичні заняття щотижня.
29.	We have three double periods a day.	У нас три пари щодня.
30.	He falls behind the group in many subjects.	Він відстає від групи по багатьох предметах.
31.	She fell behind the group when she was ill.	Вона відстала від групи, коли занедужала.
32.	He’s the best in his group.	Він кращий у групі.
33.	He’s very good at “History of Transportation”.	Він дуже добре знає «Історію перевезень».
34.	It takes him a lot of time to read up for exams.	Підготовка до іспиту забирає в нього багато часу.
35.	It took her a lot of time to catch up with her group.	Їй знадобилося багато часу, щоб наздогнати групу.
36.	It will take her much time to do two foreign languages.	Їй знадобиться багато часу, щоб вивчити дві іноземні мови.
37.	It takes us a lot of time to work in the library.	Робота в бібліотеці забирає в нас багато часу.
38.	What’s your favorite subject?	Який твій улюблений предмет?
39.	Who’s your favorite lecturer?	Хто твій улюблений лектор?
40.	What subjects do you have in the first year?	Які предмети ви вивчаєте на першому курсі?
41.	What subjects is she especially good at?	Які предмети вона знає особливо добре?
42.	What age do children go to school?	У якому віці діти йдуть до школи?
43.	What age do we enter а higher school?	У якому віці ми вступаємо до ВНЗ?
44.	What age will you graduate from the University (Institute, college)?	У якому віці ти закінчиш Університет (інститут, коледж)?
45.	What age do children finish (leave) school?	У якому віці діти закінчують школу?
46.	Is tuition free of charge?	Навчання безкоштовне?
47.	Do the students pay a tuition fee?	Студенти платять за навчання?
48.	The total expenses throughout the year are 2.000 dollars.	Загальна плата за рік – 2000 доларів.
49.	I have a Bachelor’s Degree.	У мене ступінь бакалавра.
50.	I have a Master’s Degree.	У мене ступінь магістра.
51.	I have a Ph. D.	У мене ступінь кандидата наук.
52.	The academic year lasts 10 months.	Навчальний рік триває 10 місяців.
53.	A lesson lasts 45 minutes.	Урок триває 45 хвилин.
54.	A double period lasts 90 minutes.	Пара триває 90 хвилин.
55.	My working day lasts 6 hours.	Мій робочий день триває 6 годин.

Activity 2. Dialogues to be read, translated and learnt:

Dialogue 1.

• Hello, Anthony. I haven’t seen you for ages. What are you doing now?

• I’m studying at Automobile and Highway University.

• Are you really? What faculty?

• At the Faculty of Transport systems.

• What are you doing? (Что ты изучаешь?)

• I am doing different modes of transportation, Customs, and foreign languages.

• How very interesting! You know I am leaving school this year and my dream is to enter this University. I am keen on racing cars. And I’d like to know if tuition is free of charge or paid there.

• The tuition may be either free of charge or paid. It depends on the results of your entrance exams.

• Thanks. Good-bye.

• Bye for now. I’m running to the lecture.

Dialogue 2.

• I know, Ann, you’ve entered the faculty of automobiles. I’d like to know if they teach foreign languages there.

• Sure. We have lectures and practical hours in English almost every day. We are taught every-day English communication, English grammar, reading and writing.

• And what about special English, business English?

• Both special and business English, and we may defend our diploma in English.

• It’s really useful!

Dialogue 3.

• Hi, will you tell me some words about your college?

• Most willingly. What are you interested in?

• What languages are you doing?

• German and English. English is my first language and German is the second. I have taken it up only this year.

• Which of them do you find more difficult?

• English grammar is easy but pronunciation is my weak point. I have to work hard at it in the language laboratory. On the whole English is easier, in my opinion.

• I agree with you. English is easier for me, too.

Dialogue 4.

• How long will your course at the University last?

• Five years. In the fourth and fifth years we’ll have our engineering practice at transport enterprises and filling stations.

• How many double periods do you have daily?

• As a rule, we have one or two lectures, then a seminar, a laboratory class or a class of foreign language.

• It’s a hard job to do foreign languages, isn’t it?

• If you don’t miss classes and work regularly you are sure to make a good progress.

Dialogue 5.

• Did you pass your sessional exams?

• Yes. I could hardly manage them. I was sure I would fail at least two of them.

• The trouble in that you burn the candle at both ends. You can’t work all day and play all nights.

• But I don’t. I got up late and worked at nights for the last two weeks.

• Studying all night isn’t good. You need your rest.

• I took a short sleep every four hours.

• Well, well. You should be serious about your studies at the University.

Activity 3. Translate in writing and reproduce the following bits of conversations:

Dialogue 1.

• Де ви вчитеся?

• Я вчуся в Університеті.

• На якому курсі?

• Я студент першого курсу. А на якому ви курсі?

• На другому, у Харківському національному автомобільно-дорожньому університеті.

• А які факультети у вашому Університеті? Мій молодший брат закінчує школу цього року і збирається вступати до Автодорожнього Університету.

• Автомобільний, дорожній, механічний, економічний, факультет транспортних систем, заочний.

• У вас є факультет комп'ютерних систем?

• Так, це факультет мехатроніки транспортних засобів.

Dialogue 2.

• Які предмети ти вивчаєш на першому курсі?

• В основному загальні предмети: математику, фізику, комп'ютери, історію України, іноземну мову.

• А який буде твій профілюючий предмет? (major subject)

• Я точно не знаю, але думаю що «мости і тунелі».

• Вибач, а який твій улюблений предмет?

• Математика. Я полюбляю математику зі школи.

Dialogue 3.

• Що ви закінчили?

• Середню школу 10 років тому й університет два роки тому.

• Навчання в Університеті було безкоштовне?

• Ні, я платив за свою освіту.

• Ви одержали диплом бакалавра?

• Не тільки. Я – бакалавр, спеціаліст і магістр.

• У вашому вузі є аспірантура?

• Так. Той рік я вступив до аспірантури і зараз я на другому курсі. За рік я збираюся захищати кандидатську дисертацію.

Activity 4. Situations fоr spontaneous projects:

1. You are leaving school but you haven't yet made up your mind what you want to be. Your sister's friend is a student of the Automobile and Highway University. Ask him about his student's life and his future.

2. You are a fresher. Speak about your first impressions (your timetable, lectures, everyday life, programmes, etc.)

3. You are a fresher and your friend is an undergraduate student. He has come back from his practice at transport enterprise. Ask him how he liked it.