Test 2d

Task 1. Study the text.

Solicitors and barristers

England is almost unique in having different kinds of lawyers with different career structures and jobs in the legal system. This situation of having the legal profession divided into solicitors and barristers is called a split bar.

If a person has a legal problem, he will go and see a solicitor. A solicitor is a lawyer who prepares legal documents, advises clients on legal problems, writes legal letters for his clients and carries on legal arguments outside Court. He or she does the legal work involved in buying a house, for instance. A solicitor deals with petty crimes and some matrimonial matters, prepares the case and the evidence and actually speaks for his client the lowest Courts, Magistrates’ Courts. In a civil action he may speak in the County Court, when the case is one of divorce or recovering some debts. He prepares cases for barristers to present in the higher courts. However, since 1992, solicitors who have demonstrated competence in advocacy have rights of audience before all courts.

Solicitors are controlled by law (the Solicitors Act 1974) and governed by the Law Society, which decides on standards of conduct. The Law Society issues rules covering the keeping of accounts, publicity, insurance, disciplinary procedures, and so on. The Law Society may impose restrictions in a practicing certificate.

There are about 50,000 solicitors, and the number is rapidly increasing. Almost 50 per cent of all new solicitors are women.

Barristers are different from solicitors. Barristers are experts in the interpretation of the Law and on advocacy (the art of presenting cases in courts of law). They are called in to advise on really difficult points and have the right to speak and argue in higher law courts. If somebody desires representation in any court except the Magistrates’ Court, he must have a barrister, with one or two exceptions.

Barristers work in what are known as chambers and belong to institutions called Inns of Court, which are ancient organisations, and remind exclusive clubs. Inns of Court, the headquarters of the legal profession in England, are situated in London. There are 4 legal societies that take their names from the original buildings - Lincoln's Inn, Gray's Inn, Inner Temple, and Middle Temple (The Temple). There is also the Council of Legal Education, which superintends education and examination for the English bar.

Task 2. Translate the marked paragraphs into Russian.

Task 3. Put the questions to the following sentences using prompts in brackets:

1. They are called in to advise on really difficult points. (Disjunctive, Who …?)

2. Some solicitors have been granted the right to speak in the High Court. (General, What court ...?)

3. The case will be heard in the Crown Court. (Alternative, When ...?)

4. The witnesses are being interrogated now. (Where ...? Why ...?)

4. Put the verbs in brackets into required Tense Form (Present Indefinite, Present Continuous, Present Perfect, Present Perfect Continuous Active)

1. Mr. Julian (to come) to see you tomorrow afternoon. 2. I don't think I ever (to see) such a beautiful garden as this one. 3. I (to listen) to you for the past half an hour, but I'm afraid I (not to understand) a word. 4. You (to sit) at the desk for hours. Is it a difficult letter? - Yes. I (to decide) to resign from my job. 5. He (to be) such a bore! He always (to tell) the same joke. 6. He (to write) at least one article a week. 7. They (to deliver) already the goods, we (to put) them on the shelves now.

5. Put the verbs in brackets into required Tense Form (Past Indefinite, Past Continuous, Past Perfect, Past Perfect Continuous Active)

1. By that time the twins already (to sleep) for two hours. 2. You (to look) happy when you were talking to Jackie last night. Yes. I (not to see) her for six years. 3. Someone (to take) a photo of me while I (to have) a bath. 4. Sally was upset when you (not to eat) any of her birthday cake.- I just (to eat) a huge meal. 5. What you (to tell) him about the contract? 6. When we (to come) home, we (to find) that someone (to break) into the garage and (to steal) the car. 7. Mum and Dad (to sleep) when I (to get) home last night.

6. Put the verbs in brackets into required Tense Form (Future Indefinite, Future Continuous, Future Perfect, Present Perfect Continuous Active)

1. The time doesn’t suit me, I (to have) a Skype conference then. 2. Nick (to wait) for you at ten o'clock tomorrow in the hotel hall. 3. He (to be) busy tomorrow. He (to put) electric light in our country-house. 4. We (to travel) twenty miles more before we cross the frontier. 5. Next year we (to be) together for ten years. 6. At six o'clock I (to work) for five hours. 7. I... (not to agree) to that plan of yours!

7. Transform the following sentences from the Active Voice into the Passive Voice using the recommended beginnings.

1. They threw him out. He …

2. Nobody has made any mistakes. No …

3. Nobody has lived in this room for years. This room …

4. They promise us higher salaries. We …

5. The others told the new students where to sit. The new students …

6. People speak well of my friend. My friend …

7. People steal things from supermarkets every day. Things …

8. Transform the Direct Speech sentences into the Indirect Speech sentences.

1. Mother asked, “Aren’t you tired of doing nothing?”

2. “Ring me this evening”, she asked.

3. “I’ve spent the whole day writing letters,” he complained.

4. “Where have you been today?” he wondered.

5. “I’m studying an interesting problem”, he said.

6. He promised, “ I’ll hire the best lawyers.”

7. “I may not be able to send you a copy of the agreement shortly”, he said.

8. “If the lift stops between two floors press the emergency button”, he instructed.

9. “If you don’t like your job, find another one”, I said to her.

10. “Have another piece of cake”, he offered.

11. Donovan asked Sally, “Do you think it will be possible to get a job abroad?”