- •Часть 1
- •English in bridge engineering.
- •Vocabulary.
- •Find the equivalents:
- •Match the synonyms:
- •Describe the following terms:
- •Complete the sentences:
- •Choose the correct form
- •Vocabulary.
- •Vocabulary
- •Find the equivalents:
- •Choose the best variant:
- •Find the opposites to the words:
- •Are the sentences True or False? Correct the wrong ones:
- •Make up the word combinations using the derivatives from the words in brackets:
- •Vocabulary
- •Find the equivalents:
- •Choose the right answer:
- •Divide the words into pairs:
- •Fill in the blanks:
- •Fill in the missing words from the list:
- •Vocabulary.
- •Find the equivalents:
- •Match the synonyms:
- •Describe the following terms:
- •Complete the sentences:
- •Use the correct form of the verb
- •English in business management
- •Vocabulary
- •Mark the examples of the present perfect and past simple usage (underline the verb structures). Translate the sentences.
- •In each set of four below, match a verb on the left with a noun on the right to make collocations about an e-tail transaction.
- •Choose the correct words (option in italics)
- •Choose the correct time preposition:
- •Change these active sentences to the passive.
- •Vocabulary
- •Match each word in the box to its definition below. Then translate the words into your language.
- •Match each word in the box to its definition below. Then translate the words into your language.
- •In each set of four below, match an adjective on the left with a noun on the right to make collocations about working conditions.
- •Make adjectives from these nouns.
- •The collocations below are useful in customer support. Cross out the one verb in group (in bold) that does not collocate with the noun.
- •Vocabulary
- •Match the words and phrases 1-6 with the meanings a-f.
- •Now complete the text below using the words and phrases from exercise 1.
- •Choose the best form of the verb go
- •Complete the sentences with preposition:
- •Make expressions about internships by matching each verb to a phrase a-f below
- •Vocabulary
- •Complete the sentences with the correct form of the present simple or continuous.
- •Which offer or request 1-6 matches both responses a-f?
- •Choose the correct variants (see italics)
- •Complete the text with these words.
- •Match a verb on the left with a noun on the right.
- •Vocabulary
- •Cross out the one verb in each group that does not collocate with the noun.
- •Complete each sentence with a collocation from 1 above.
- •Complete the extracts from a business proposal using the words in the box.
- •Agreed available below charges lowest replacement require unlikely should wish
- •Check if the sentences below contain mistakes. Change the form of the verb where necessary.
- •Match the words in the box to their definitions (and extra information) below.
- •Climb dip deteriorate fluctuate jump peak rise slide soar stabilize
- •English in civil construction.
- •Vocabulary.
- •Match the Russian and English equivalents. Make up the sentences with these words and word combinations:
- •Is it True or False?
- •Translate the following verbs and make up the sentences with them in Present Continuous if it is possible:
- •Form the adjectives using the suffixes: -ous, -ful,-able,-ant,-less, -ive and find the suitable nouns. Translate the phrases.
- •Vocabulary.
- •Match the Russian and English equivalents. Make up the sentences with these words and word combinations:
- •Translate the following professions/occupations:
- •Form nouns using appropriate suffixes: -tion,-ity,- ment,-ance,-ate,-ant, -ness and others. Make up the sentences with these words:
- •Complete the sentences according to the text:
- •Vocabulary.
- •Match the English and Russian equivalents. Make up the sentences with these words and word combinations:
- •Complete the sentences:
- •Complete the sentences using Present Perfect Active:
- •Complete the sentences using Present Perfect Passive:
- •Vocabulary.
- •Match the Russian and English equivalents. Make up the sentences with these words and word combinations:
- •Combine and translate combinations:
- •Complete the sentences:
- •Study the examples and form the comparative and superlative degrees of adjectives, find them in the text. Translate from Russian into English:
- •Vocabulary
- •English in computer-aided design.
- •Vocabulary.
- •Match the Russian and English equivalents. Make up the sentences with these words and word combinations:
- •Read the definitions and write the suitable word:
- •Fill in the prepositions:
- •Are the sentences true or false? Correct the sentences:
- •Translate from Russian into English.
- •Vocabulary.
- •Match the English and Russian equivalents. Make up the sentences with these words and word combinations:
- •Match the verbs with the nouns to make collocations:
- •Use collocations and complete the sentences:
- •Find the examples of Present Perfect in the text. Open the brackets and put the verbs in the right tense:
- •Translate from Russian into English
- •Vocabulary.
- •Translate from Russian into English using the modal verbs and infinitives:
- •True or false
- •Match the English and Russian equivalents. Make up the sentences with these words and word combinations:
- •Read the definitions and write the suitable word:
- •Remember the meanings of modal verbs have to, must, should, need, may and fill in the gaps:
- •Vocabulary.
- •Match the Russian and English equivalents. Make up the sentences with these words and word combinations:
- •Read the definitions and write the suitable word:
- •Do you know the following abbreviations and acronyms? Decipher and translate them into Russian:
- •Translate from Russian into English
- •Vocabulary.
- •Match the Russian and English equivalents. Make up the sentences with these words and word combinations:
- •Read the definitions and write the suitable word:
- •Choose ing- form or infinitive after the verbs:
- •Translate the following sentences using the appropriate pronouns:
- •True or false
- •English in highway engineering.
- •Vocabulary
- •Find the equivalents:
- •Complete the sentences choosing the proper variant.
- •Open the brackets:
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •English in land cadaster.
- •Vocabulary.
- •Find a word with opposite meaning.
- •Read the text again and decide if the sentences(1-5) below are true or false.
- •Complete the sentences using the verbs in the brackets.
- •Choose the right prepositions.
- •Vocabulary.
- •Look at the words from the text and say what parts of speech they are.
- •Find in the text English equivalents to these Russian phrases.
- •Put the words in the correct order to make up sentences.
- •Vocabulary.
- •Find in the text the synonyms of the following words.
- •Give Russian equivalents to English phrases.
- •Finish next sentences using the words.
- •Put the sentences from the text in the right order.
- •Vocabulary.
- •Translate some international words.
- •Find out the statements that are true. If the statement false, correct it.
- •Make up the comparative and superlative forms of the following adjectives.
- •Fill in the gaps with suitable model verbs should,can or must.
- •Vocabulary.
- •Match a line in a with the line in b to complete a sentence
- •Decide if the sentences are true (t) or false (f).
- •Fill in each gap with a suitable word: render, integration, spatial, flexible, utility.
- •In the following sentences choose the right variant.
- •I. Choose the right word and complete the sentence.
- •II. True – false.
- •III. Correct the mistakes.
- •IV. Choose the right word and complete the sentence.
- •V. Finish the words in the sentences.
- •English in quality management.
- •Vocabulary
- •Wоrk with a partner. Maкe up a dialogue about the main idea of the text.
- •Translate and discuss.
- •Change the singular forms of the nouns into plural form. Is it possible to do in every sentence? Name the uncountable nouns.
- •Write a list of activities leading to a quality management in your future job. Mind the material of the text.
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Define the main idea of the text. (1, 2, 3).
- •Are the sentences true or false?
- •Tick the correct sentence.
- •Find the sentences with Complex Object and translate them:
- •Vocabulary
- •Match the words on the left with their meanings on the right.
- •Translate the sentences paying attention at the function of “it”:
- •What utterance is true: 1, 2, 3?
- •What sentence is correct:
- •Vocabulary
- •Give equivalents to:
- •Complete the sentence according to the text.
- •Define grammatical tense:
- •Define the part of speech and make all possible word combinations with «reinforced concrete»:
- •English in railway construction.
- •Vocabulary
- •Find the English equivalents in the text:
- •Word formation. Translate the words into Russian and fill in the gaps with the proper word:
- •Use the or no article with the geographical names:
- •Discussion Corner.
- •Find the English equivalents in the text:
- •Read the text again and say if these statements true (t) or false (f):
- •Fill in the gaps with the proper preposition using the text:
- •Fill in: will or be going to
- •Discussion Corner.
- •Vocabulary
- •Find the English equivalents in the text:
- •Choose the best variant -ing or infinitive:
- •Tag questions. Form the proper tag for each question:
- •Discussion Corner.
- •Find the English equivalents in the text:
- •Word formation. Form the adjectives from the given words using these suffixes: -ic, -al, -ous, -less, -ive:
- •Relative clauses. Fill in the gaps in the sentences with which, who, where, when, whose:
- •Discussion Corner.
- •Vocabulary
- •Find the English equivalents in the text:
- •Read the text again and say if these statements true (t) or false (f):
- •Match different means of transport with their definition.
- •Modal verbs. Use can/can`t, must/mustn`t, have/don`t have to, should/shouldn`t, may or needn`t only once in the proper situation:
- •Discussion Corner.
- •English in railway maintenance.
- •Vocabulary.
- •Find English equivalents to the Russian phrases in the text above:
- •Match the words to their meanings:
- •Put the words in the correct order to complete the sentence:
- •Complete the endings of the sentences from the text above:
- •Open brackets, use the verb in Present Simple Active or Passive.
- •Vocabulary.
- •Find English equivalents to the Russian phrases in the text above:
- •Match the words to their meanings:
- •Put the words in the correct order to complete the sentence.
- •Complete the endings of the sentences from the text above:
- •Open brackets, use the verb in Present Continuous Active or Passive.
- •Vocabulary.
- •Find English equivalents to the Russian phrases in the text above:
- •Match the words to their meanings:
- •Put the words in the correct order to complete the sentence.
- •Complete the endings of the sentences from the text above:
- •Open brackets, use the verb in Present Perfect Active or Passive.
- •Vocabulary
- •Find English equivalents to the Russian phrases in the text above:
- •Match the words to their meanings:
- •Put the words in the correct order to complete the sentence:
- •Complete the endings of the sentences from the text above:
- •Open brackets, use the verb in Present Perfect Continuous Active:
- •Vocabulary
- •Find English equivalents to the Russian phrases in the text above:
- •Match the words to their meanings:
- •Put the words in the correct order to complete the sentence:
- •Complete the endings of the sentences from the text above:
- •Open brackets, use the verb in correct tense form. Mind the signals:
- •English in tunnel engineering.
- •Vocabulary.
- •Read the text again. Match the word combinations or sentences a-g with paragraphs 1-7 of the text.
- •Mach the given words with their definitions.
- •Give the Russian (English) equivalents to the following English words and combinations.
- •The information given in the sentences is not correct according to the text.
- •Put the words in the correct order to make sentences.
- •Vocabulary
- •Mach the given words with their definitions.
- •Match the English equivalents to the following Russian words and combinations.
- •Give Russian equivalents to the following English words and combinations.
- •Fill in the gaps with necessary words.
- •Translate the text from English into Russian in writing.
- •Vocabulary.
- •Make the following words into word combinations. In some cases, there are more than one option.
- •Read the text again. How many specialists are engaged in the tunnel construction process? What are their responsibilities at work?
- •A. Which of the adjectives below can describe the job of a geologist, surveyor, civil engineer and others?
- •Circle the correct answer.
- •Use the phrases below to tell your partner three facts about one of the tunnel jobs. Your partner has to guess the job.
- •Vocabulary.
- •Put the phrases according to the suitable heading related to the method of tunneling:
- •Give the Russian equivalents to the following English words and combinations.
- •Match the English equivalents to the following Russian words and combinations.
- •Cross out an unnecessary word:
- •Read the text and put the verbs in the correct forms. Translate in writing.
- •Vocabulary.
- •Give the Russian equivalents to the following English words and combinations.
- •Mach the given words with their definitions:
- •Match the English equivalents to the following Russian words and combinations.
- •Insert an appropriate verb:
- •Fill to in the blank with the suitable preposition: (пробелы? :)
Find the equivalents:
талант
наследие
плодовитый
заново
наводнение
одаренный
каменный мост
известный
вклинивать
любительский
арочный мост каменной кладки
полукруглый
Match the synonyms:
-
1.
2.
Legacy
Productive
Flood
Construct
Anew
Brickwork
Prolific
Heritage
Build
Again
Masonry
Wood
Timber
Inundation
Describe the following terms:
The Romans' legacy.
Masonry arch bridge.
Prolific and efficient.
Complete the sentences:
The Romans' legacy to bridge building was …
A group of interested priests formed …
The Church recognized the advantages of good road communications …
The architect-priest Giovanni Giocondo (c. 1433-1515) who …
In 1716, French army engineers took the lead …
Choose the correct form
She realized that nobody (will come/would come).
We understood that she (sees/saw) nothing.
He said he (will arrive/would arrive) in some days.
My mother was sure I already (have come/had come).
I didn't know they (are/were) in the room.
We supposed the rain (will stop/would stop) in some hours.
He said he never (has been/had been) to London.
UNIT 2. BRIDGES CLASSIFICATION.
Vocabulary.
Mention – упоминать
In a wide sense – в широком смысле
Provide a crossing over – обеспечить возможность пересечения
Be classified – классифицироваться
Function – функция
Reinforced concrete – железобетон
Cable-stayed – вантовый
Include – включать
Flexible – гнущийся
Rigid – негнущийся
Service life – срок службы
It has already been mentioned that bridges in a wide sense of this term mean constructional works comprising a superstructure and a substructure. In a narrow sense, this term means a structure built to provide a crossing over a river.
In technical literature, bridges are classified according to their indications as follows:
Indication № 1 – by the main road function.
Railway bridges.
Motorway bridges.
Foot-bridges (Pedestrian bridges).
City bridges.
Pipe lines.
Metro-bridges.
Combined systems or road-cum-rail bridges (carrying various means of transport).
Indication № 2 – by the superstructure material.
Timber bridges (wooden bridges).
Stone bridges (masonry bridges).
Reinforced concrete bridges.
Metal bridges.
Steel reinforced concrete bridges (composite bridges).
Suspension bridges.
Cable-stayed bridges.
The suspension and cable-stayed bridges include the structures with the flexible stayed ropes as the main carrying element. Curvilinear ropes are used for suspension bridges and rectilinear ropes are used for cable-stayed structures. The ropes are made of metal wire strands and that is why suspension and cable-stayed structures can be regarded as variants of metal bridges.
Indication № 3 – by a structural model.
Beam bridges. (Spans of rectangular shape rest on supports).
Arch bridges. (A curvilinear structure produces a horizontal thrust ough(t??) skewbacks to the supports).
Frame-type bridges. (Spans and supports are all indivisible rigid structure).
Cantilever bridges. (These structures include cantilever arms, i.e. elements built out of their supports).
Combined systems. (They consist of several simple structures – beam + arch).
Indication № 4 – by the position of the bridge floor.
Deck bridges.
Through bridges.
Half-through bridges.
Indication № 5 – by the overall bridge length.
Short bridges (up to 25 m long).
Medium bridges (from 25 to 100 m long).
Long bridges (more than 100 m long).
Indication № 6 – by the number of spans.
Single-span bridges.
Double-span bridges.
Three-span bridges.
Multi-span bridges.
Indication № 7 – by the service life.
Permanent bridges. (Service life is 80-100 years.)
Temporary bridges. (Service life is about 10-15 years.)
Short-term bridges. (They are built for the period from two – three days to one year.)
In addition to the mentioned bridge types there are drawbridges (movable bridges), floating (raft) bridges and the ferrying.
Answer the questions:
How bridges are classified in technical literature?
What are the advantages and disadvantages of beam bridges?
What are the advantages and disadvantages of truss bridges?
What are the advantages and disadvantages of cable-stayed bridges?
What materials are most commonly used and why?
EXERCISES:
Find the equivalents:
трубопровод
совмещенный мост (для автомобильного и ж/д транспорта)
железобетонный
вантовый мост
балочный мост
рамный мост
балочно-консольный мост
комбинированный мост с ездой посередине
мост с ездой понизу
сквозная ферма с ездой понизу
разводной; подъемный мост
Match the opposite adjectives:
Long, temporary, pedestrian, single-span, vertical, flexible
Hort bridge ≠
Multi-span bridge ≠
Permanent bridge ≠
Motorway bridge ≠
Horizontal thrust ≠
Rigid structure ≠
Complete the sentences:
The term «bridge» means …
According to their function bridges are classified into …
According to the superstructure material bridges are classified into
A suspension bridge consists of …
Service life of temporary bridges is …
Combined systems consist of …
I know different types of bridges, for example …
Change the sentences from Active into Passive Voice:
We consider bridge building to be a science.
We believe many bridges to have been constructed 2000 years ago.
Nature has given to staff the idea of bridge.
We know the Romans to have brought arch bridge construction to its high degree of perfection.
Choose the correct form
We wanted to know who (is singing/was singing) in the next room.
I always thought he (is/was) a brave man.
When I saw him, he (is working/was working).
We know she always (comes/came) in time.
They thought he (will have finished/would have finished) his work by the evening.
She said she (has/had) a terrible headache.
We supposed they (will send/would send) us the documents.
He said he (has not seen/had not seen) us for ages.
UNIT 3. BRIDGE OR TUNNEL.