Very much / not very much
-dramatically / significantly / slightly
And
-As well (as) / in addition to: Over 600 people will lose their jobs, in addition to the 400 people who left
the company last year.
-In addition: A fifth of the world's population lives on less than $1 a day. In addition, over 100 million
children are living on the streets.
-Furthermore / Moreover: used at the beginning of a sentence when adding an important fact that is
connected with what you have just said: The drug has strong side effects. Furthermore, it can be
addictive.
If
-as long as / on condition that / provided that
Or
-alternatively: You can go up into the mountains. Alternatively, you can stroll around one of Switzerland's
delightful cities where the old mixes with the new.
-on THE one hand ... on the other (hand)
Because
-As / since: As it was a hot day, they decided to leave all the windows open. Since it is difficult to predict
how the climate will change, it is not possible to say which countries will suffer the most.
-thanks to
-due to/owing to + NOUN
The delay was due to a problem with the ship's engines.
-due to/owing to + THE FACT THAT + subject + verb
The men did most of the work in the fields. This was partly due to the fact that the men were stronger.
But/although
-While / whereas / by contrast
-However: However is usually used in the middle of a sentence, separated from the rest of the sentence by
commas: Jack and his family managed to escape before the soldiers arrived. Other families in the village,
however, were less lucky. Or it comes at the beginning of a sentence: He began his academic career as a
mathematician. However, his main achievements were in the field of nuclear physics.
-Nevertheless: Nevertheless is usually used at the beginning of a sentence, or at the end.
-in spite of/despite + NOUN
Despite his lack of formal education, he became one of the world's leading mathematicians.
-in spite of/despite + verb + ING
This was a dinosaur that weighed only 10 tons, in spite of being some 28 metres long.
-in spite of/despite + THE FACT THAT + subject + verb
Many people are worried that cellphones may be dangerous to health, despite the fact that most of the
research suggests that there is little risk.
CAE WRITING AND VOCABULARY