1. Words ending in –re

British

US

British

US

British

US

centre

center

theatre

theater or theatre

litre

liter

British

US

British

US

British

US

British

US

colour

color

humour

humor

neighbour

neighbor

labour

labor

 British

US

apologize or apologise

apologize

organize or organise

organize

recognize or recognise

recognize

British

US

analyse

analyze

paralyse

paralyze

British

US

British

US

British

US

British

US

travel

travel

travelled

traveled

traveller

traveler

travelling

traveling

 British

US

 British

US

 British

US

defence

defense

licence

license

offence

offense

 British

US

 British

US

catalogue

catalog or catalogue

dialogue

dialog or dialogue

British

American

The Present Perfect is more common:

I've lost my key. Have you seen it?

I'm not hungry. I've just had lunch.

The Past Simple is more common:

I lost my key. Did you see it?

I'm not hungry. I just had lunch.

have a bath, have a shower, have a break, have a holiday

take a bath, take a shower, take a break, take a vacation

at the weekend / at weekends:

Will you be here at the weekend?

on the weekend / on weekends:

Will you be here on the weekend?

at university / school

She studied chemistry at university.

in university / school

She studied French in high school.

a t the front / at the back (of a group etc.)

Let's sit at the front (of the cinema).

in the front / in the back (of a group etc.):

Let's sit in the front (of the movie theater).

write to smb.

I promised to write to her every day.

write smb.

I promised to write her every day.

Nouns like government/team/family etc. can have a singular or plural verb: The team is/are playing well.

These nouns normally take a singular verb in

American English: The team is playing well.

Some verbs (burn, spell etc.) can be regular or irregular (burned/burnt, spelled/spelt etc.)

Verbs are often regular (burned, spelled etc.)

V₃ of get is got: Your English has got much better.

V₃ of get is gotten: Your English has gotten much better.

Br. Eng.

Am. Eng.

Br. Eng.

Am. Eng.

z

zed

ziː

patent

ˈpeɪtnt

ˈpætnt

new

njuː

nuː

apricot

ˈeɪprɪkɒt

ˈæprɪkɑːt

adult (взрослый)

ˈædʌlt

əˈdʌlt

vase

vɑːz

veɪs

brochure

ˈbrəʊʃə

broʊˈʃʊr

hurricane

ˈhʌrɪkən

ˈhɜːrəkeɪn

garage

ˈɡærɪdʒ

ɡəˈrɑːʒ

enquiry/inquiry запрос

ɪnˈkwaɪəri

ˈɪnkwəri

address

əˈdres

ˈædres

laboratory

ləˈbɒrətri

ˈlæbrətɔːri

leisure свободное время, отдых

ˈleʒə

ˈliːʒər

route (маршрут, путь)

ruːt

raʊt

advertisement

ədˈvɜːtɪsmənt

ˌædvərˈtaɪzmənt

neither

ˈnaɪðə

ˈniːðər

controversy противоречивая ситуация

kənˈtrɒvəsi

ˈkɑːntrəvɜːrsi

either

ˈaɪðə

ˈiːðər

Name

The Gerund

Rule

We use the Gerund:

1) after some verbs (we have to remember them): risk, love, like, hate, stop # You risk missing your train.

VPS

3) as the subject of the sentence # Smoking is bad for you.

Structure

The gerund can be:

1. Active Ving

# I am interested in inviting people over.

2. Passive being V₃

# I am interested in being invited to a party.

The negative form is not+Ving

1. Active: not + Ving

# I am interested in not inviting them

2. Passive: not + being + V₃

# I am interested in not being invited

Special Features

NB: We don’t have to use Passive Gerund after the verbs: need, deserve, require, be worth

# The room needs painting. The film is worth watching. The child deserves praising. It requires doing. Это нужно сделать

1. Possessive pronouns (чей?) and nouns (’s) are used before -ing forms.

# Do you mind my smoking?

# She was angry at Lina's trying to lie to her.

Subject

Pronouns

Possessive pronouns:

Object pronouns

I

my

me

2. In an informal style it is more common to use object forms

# Do you mind me smoking?

# She was angry at Lina trying to lie to her.

you

your

you

he

his

him

she

her

her

NB: After some verbs (see, hear, watch, feel) possessives are not normally used with -ing forms. Use object pronouns!‼

# I saw him getting out of the car.

it

its

it

we

our

us

they

their

them

Name

the Infinitive

Rule

VERBS TO ADJECTIVES

ГЛАГОЛЫ ЧТОБЫ ПРИЛАГАТЕЛЬНЫЕ

We use the Infinitive:

1. after some verbs # I want to buy a car.

2. to express reason or purpose (чтобы) # He’s saving money to buy a car.

3. after adjectives # My flat is easy to find.

S tructure

(to) + V: (to) write, (to) stand

1. Active: (to) V

# It’s nice to kiss in the morning.

# I must go to school

2. Passive: (to) be V₃

# It’s nice to be kissed

# I must be kissed

1. Active Negative: not (to) V

# It’s nice not to kiss in the morning.

# I must not go to school

2. Passive Negative: not (to) be V₃

# There are a lot of people not to be kissed.

# She must not be kissed today.

Special Features

1. More verbs are used with the Infinitive than with the Gerund!

2. Some verbs are used with the Infinitive or the Gerund with no difference in meaning: begin, continue, prefer, start etc.

3. It's better to use the Gerund as subject # To practise regularly is important.

# Practicing regularly is important. or # It's important to practise regularly.

MODAL VERBS:

# I must go. I can speak English.

LET:

# Let him do it.

SEE, HEAR, FEEL, WATCH, NOTICE:

# I didn’t see you come in.

MAKE SMB DO SMTH:

# It makes me think so.

NB 1: In the Passive use the infinitive with TO.

# He was made to pay back the money.

HAVE SMB DO SMTH:

# He had the bouncers throw them out of the club.

Structure: Let/see/make/have + Object Pronoun + Bare infinitive

NB 2: But: GET SMB TO DO SMTH (заставить/попросить к-то ч-то сделать)

# The teacher got us to stay a little later.

WHY (NOT):

# Why not do it now

NB 3: After DO, HELP AND DARE you can but don’t have to use to

# All I did was (to) give him a little push.

# Could you help me (to) unload the car?

apologize (to smb) for

They apologized for being late.

Они извинились за опоздание.

be excited about

Dan was excited about riding a horse

Дэн был в восторге от поездки на лошади.

be fed up with

I’m fed up with being treated like a child.

Меня достало, что ко мне относятся как к ребенку.

be good at/bad at

John is good at working in the garden.

Джону хорошо удается/хорошо получается работать в саду.

be interested in

Are you interested in writing poems?

Вы интересуетесь написанием стихотворений?

be tired of

I’m tired of waiting for you.

Я устал ждать тебя.

be/get used to

She is/got used to smoking.

О на привыкла курить.

dream of/about

She dreams about being a pop star.

Она мечтает быть звездой.

in spite of

In spite of studying a lot …

Несмотря на то, что он много занимается…

insist on

The girls insisted on going out on a date with him.

Девушки настаивали на том, чтобы пойти с ним на свидание

look forward to

I look forward to seeing you soon.

Жду с нетерпением встречи!

succeed in

How then can I succeed in learning chemistry?

Как тогда я могу преуспеть в изучении химии?

think of/about

Frank thinks of playing chess.

Фрэнк думает поиграть в шахматы.

admit (to)

He admitted (to) driving too fast.

Он признался, что водит слишком быстро

appreciate

We would appreciate your letting us know of any problems.

Мы были бы благодарны, если бы вы сообщили нам о проблемах.

avoid

They avoid going on holiday on Saturdays.

Они избегают ездить отдыхать по субботам

be busy

She is busy reading the paper.

Она занята чтением газеты

can’t stand/bear

I can’t stand waiting

Я не выношу ожидания

can't help

I couldn't help falling in love with her.

Я не мог не влюбиться в нее

delay

I delayed telling Max the news.

Я отложил рассказ Максу о новости

deny

She denied buying new shoes.

Она отрицала, что купила новые туфли

discuss

We briefly discussed buying a second car.

Мы кратко обсудили покупку второй машины

feel like

They feel like going to bed.

Они не прочь / им хочется пойти спать

finish

Be quiet! He hasn't finished speaking.

Тише! Он еще не закончил говорить!

(it’s) no good

It's no good trying to persuade her to come with us.

Бесполезно уговаривать ее пойти с нами

quit

Tell him to quit laughing at me!

Скажи ему, чтоб он перестал смеяться надо мной.

suggest

They suggested flying to Moscow.

Они предложили полететь в Москву

imagine

He imagined driving a new car.

Он представлял, как водит новую машину.

include

Your responsibilities include answering the phone.

В твои обязанности входит отвечать на телефон.

involve

The project will involve growing plants.

Проект будет включать в себя выращивание растений.

it's no use / there’s no use in

It's no use talking to the headmaster.

There’s no use in talking to the …

Нет пользы разговаривать с директором.

mention

Has he ever mentioned playing baseball?

Он упоминал когда-нибудь об игре в бейсбол?

mind

I don't mind sleeping on the couch.

Я не возражаю против того, чтобы поспать на диване.

miss

They miss playing with their friends.

Они скучают по игре с друзьями.

practise

She practised playing hockey.

Она практиковалась в игре в хоккей.

risk

You risk catching a cold.

Ты рискуешь простудиться.

there's no

There's no cheating anymore.

О бмана больше нет.

be worth

The book is worth reading.

Книгу стоит почитать.

advise

recommend

I wouldn’t advise/recommend staying in that hotel.

I wouldn’t advise/recommend you to stay there.

Я бы не советовал (вам) останавливаться в этой гостинице.

allow

They don’t allow parking near the building.

They don’t allow customers to park near the building.

(Клиентам) не разрешено парковаться около здания.

begin

He began talking/to talk.

Он начал говорить.

bother

He didn't even bother to let me/letting me know he was coming.

Он даже не побеспокоился о том, чтобы сообщить мне о своем приезде.

continue

They continue smoking/to smoke.

Они продолжают курить.

hate

Do you hate working/to work on Saturdays?

Ты ненавидишь работать по субботам?

intend

I don't intend staying/to stay long.

Я не планирую быть здесь долго.

like/love

I like swimming/to swim.

Я люблю плавать.

prefer

P at prefers walking/to walk home.

Пэт предпочитает пойти домой пешком.

start

They started singing/to sing.

Они начали петь.

forget

Don't forget to spend money on the tickets.

Не забудь потратить деньги на билеты. (забыть сделать что-то)

He'll never forget spending so much money on his first computer.

Он никогда не забудет, как потратил столько денег. (забыть о том, как что-то сделал)

go on

After her teaching career she went on to become a doctor.

После преподавания она перешла к медицине.

He said nothing but just went on working.

Он ничего не сказал, а просто продолжил работать.

need

He needs to call his boss.

Ему нужно позвонить боссу.

The house needs cleaning.

Дом нужно убрать. (passive meaning)

regret

We regret to inform you that we can’t offer you a job

С сожалением сообщаем, что мы не можем предложить вам работу. (жаль, что приходится это говорить вам)

I now regret saying what I said

Теперь я сожалею о том, что сказал это.

remember

Remember to switch off the lights when you go on holiday.

Не забудь выключить свет перед тем, как поедешь в отпуск. (помнить, что надо сделать что-то)

I remember switching off the lights when I went on holiday.

Я помню, как выключал свет перед тем, как уехать в отпуск. (помнить о том, как что-то сделал)

stop

He stopped to read the text.

Он остановился, чтобы прочитать текст.

Stop reading the text.

Перестань читать текст.

try

I tried to move the table, but it was too heavy

Я попробовал подвинуть стол, но он был слишком тяжелый (прилагать физические усилия, пытаться)

It’s too hot here! Try opening the window!

Здесь слишком жарко! Попробуй открыть окно (попробуй, может сработает)

be sorry about/for

I enjoyed London so much! I’ll be sorry to leave.

Мне так понравилось в Лондоне! Будет жаль уезжать. (до того, как сделал)

He’s sorry about/for shouting at you yesterday.

Он сожалеет о том, что накричал на тебя вчера (после того, как сделал)