Vocabulary:

application – применение

chariot –

gear –

horologist –

incorporate –

escapement –

power-transmitting chain drive –

contribution – вклад

crank – кривошип; колено; коленчатый рычаг; заводная ручка, рукоятка

cam shaft –

aqueduct – акведук, водопровод

Exercise 1

Listen to or look through the text and say what new information it presents

Exercise 2

Find in the text English equivalents to the following Russian words, word combinations and terms:

Nouns: исключение, образование, правило, причина, сырье.

Verbs: означать, рассматривать (считать), узнать, преобразовывать, соединять, разделить, производить.

Adjectives: отдельный, искусственный, существенный, морской.

Adverbs and prepositions: внутри, некоторым образом, просто, непосредственно, конечно, мало (несколько), вместе, слишком много.

Word combinations: нельзя не удивиться, можно сказать, в настоящее время.

Exercise 3

Write out of the text all the sentences expressing the main ideas of each logical part.

Exercise 4

Write a summary of the text in your own words using your plan and the sentences you have written out. Omit all unnecessary details.

Exercise 5

Study carefully grammar tables and find in the text all the sentences containing: 1) Infinitive Constrictions; 2) Participle Constrictions; 3) Gerundial Constrictions. Translate them into Russian.

Unit 4 text 4. Design engineer

A Design Engineer is an engineer whose job is to produce a detailed design from a conceptual design, thereby bringing the real from the abstract on a day-to-day basis.

The output of a design engineer is usually a set of drawings and specifications that should produce a working product with very little final adjustment needed. If significant rework is required in the construction, startup, or manufacturing phase, the design engineer did not do an acceptable job. This ability to foresee potential problems is a key skill for a design engineer. Flaws in the conceptual design that go uncaught by the design engineer or others will not surface until production or construction, so there is a potential for a design engineer to become a scapegoat for those problems. A design engineer would usually work on a newer and less proven design than a designer, since once the engineering principles are proven to be correct in a similar design, further engineering knowledge and skill is not generally needed to produce similar designs.

Combining design and engineering into a single discipline, though arguably rare, is perhaps a lost praxis due to increasing division of work and specialization that is arguably necessary due to the increased complexity of technology in the present-day Military-industrial complex model.

However, current (1990s and on) trends in the engineering of complex systems are largely towards re-integration of work processes. For example, the notions of Integrated Product Teams and Concurrent Engineering place Design firmly within the scope of a wider engineering activity.

Prototyping and modeling are major functions in the design process. They are used in combination with testing, including usability testing, in an iterative development of a design.