1. Транскри́пция (буквально переписывание, от лат. Trans- — «через, пере-» и scribo — «черчу, пишу»):

Транскрипция- передача элементов звучащей речи (фонем, аллофонов, звуков) на письме с помощью какой-либо системы знаков

в лингвистике:

Транскрипция — передача элементов звучащей речи (фонем, аллофонов, звуков) на письме с помощью какой-либо системы знаков.

Разновидности:

практическая транскрипция — запись иноязычных имён и названий с использованием исторически сложившейся орфографической системы языка-приёмника (часто ошибочно смешивается с транслитерацией) для использования в обычных текстах;

научная транскрипция — формализованная запись звукового состава (произношения) слов некоторого языка (не обязательно иностранного); часто осуществляется, например, с использованием специальных знаков Международного фонетического алфавита, но может производиться и буквами обычных алфавитов; обычно различают две из них:

фонетическая транскрипция — условная передача звучания слова, обычно встречается в словарях и разговорниках;

фонематическая транскрипция — передача фонемного состава;

2.Erasmus Darwin

Erasmus Darwin was a prominent English physician, grandfather of the

naturalist Charles Darwin and the biologist Francis Galton

Educated at the universities of Cambridge (1750 -54) and Edinburgh

(1754 56) Darwin opened a successful medical practice in Lichfield. He soon built a reputation as a practitioner of such talent that George Ill of-fered him a position as his personal physician in London. Darwin declined

to make the move, however

A freethinker and radical, Darwin often wrote his opinions and scientific

thoughts in verse. In Zoonomia or the Laws of Organic Life (1794 96)

he advanced his own concepts of evolution, which were similar to those of

J -B Lamarck. He believed that species modified themselves by adapting

to their environment in a purposive way It is as a transitional figure that

Erasmus Darwin is primarily important. He embodied the at itu des and

Values of 1sth- century materialism, but his conclusions concerning evolu-

tion were drawn from simple observation and were rejected by the more

sophisticated of the 19th- century scientists, his grandson Charles foremost

among them. Here is his rendering of the idea as versified in the Temple

of Nature:

Organic life beneath the shoreless waves

Was born, and nursed in Ocean's pearly caves:

First forms minute, unseen by spheric glass,

Move on the mud, or pierce the watery mass:

These, as successive generations bloom,

New powers acquire and larger limbs assume:

Whence countless groups of vegetation spring.

And breathing realms of fin, and feet, and wing.

Thus the tall Oak, the giant of the wood.

Which bears Britania is thunders monster of the main

The lordly lion, monarch ofthe plain:

The eagle, soaring in the real ms of air

Whose eye, undazzled, drinks the solar glare

Imperious man, who rules the bestial crowd

Of language, reason, and reflection proud

With brow erect, who scorns this earthy sod,

And styles himself the image of his God

Arose from rudiments of form and sense

An embryon point or microscopic lens