III. Sections: Resources, Exploitation of natural resources, Sources of energy

1. Match the words and phrases in List A with those in List B. Learn these lexical units.

List A

List B

natural resources undiscovered resources untapped resources mineral resources to be rich in natural resources to develop natural resources to deplete natural resources limited resources raw material(s) fossil fuel to produce coal to consume coal the coal mining industry to hit oil to drill for oil oil production crude oil to refine oil oil well known oil reserves natural gas hydrocarbons natural resources dwindle oil deposit coal mine

a. месторождение нефти b. нефтяная скважина c. углеводороды (уголь, нефть, газ) d. достоверные запасы нефти e. сырая / неочищенная нефть f. запасы полезных ископаемых сокращаются / истощаются g. добыча нефти, нефтедобыча h. полезные ископаемые i. неиспользуемые ресурсы j. богатый полезными ископаемыми k. угольная шахта, угольный карьер l. хищнически эксплуатировать природные ресурсы m. ископаемое топливо n. использовать / потреблять уголь o. найти нефть p. угольная промышленность q. добывать уголь r. сырье s. ограниченные ресурсы t. добывать природные ресурсы u. минеральные ресурсы v. вероятные / прогнозные запасы w. проводить разведочное бурение в поисках нефти x. очищать нефть y. природный газ

2. Match the words and phrases in List A with those in List B. Learn these lexical units.

List A

List B

to prospect for oil to carry out prospecting oil rig oil (rig) platform gas pipeline to carry sth by pipeline a pipeline bursts prospector coal miner to generate energy to provide energy (for / to sb) to conserve energy to waste energy solar energy wind energy tidal energy fuel shortage(s) energy crisis alternative energy source to cut (off) electricity to run on electricity natural resources are running out spent nuclear fuel to run out of fuel renewable energy source non-renewable energy source

a. энергия ветра b. израсходовать топливо c. природные ресурсы иссякают d. работать на электричестве e. прекращать подачу электричества f. возобновляемый источник энергии g. отработанное ядерное топливо h. энергетический кризис i. искать нефть j. невозобновляемый источник энергии k. нефтяная вышка l. альтернативный источник энергии m. газопровод n. трубопровод разрывается o. шахтер, горняк p. поставлять энергию q. солнечная энергия r. безрассудно тратить энергию s. сберегать / экономить энергию t. производить энергию u. геолог-разведчик, изыскатель v. подавать / перекачивать по трубопроводу w. нефтепромысловая платформа x. производить поисково-разведочные работы y. нехватка / дефицит топлива z. энергия приливов

3. Match the words and phrases in List A with those in List B. Learn these lexical units.

List A

List B

petrol unleaded petrol filling station oil refinery conventional power station thermal power station hydroelectric power station nuclear power station geothermal power station coal-burning power station to commission a power station hydroelectric dam a dam bursts reservoir to dam up a river power failure to black sth out electricity supply (system) to site sth in a particular place to cause disruption (to / of sth)

a. размещать в каком-л. месте b. система электроснабжения c. аварийное отключение электроэнергии d. водохранилище, водоем e. бензин f. автозаправочная станция g. электростанция на традиционных источниках энергии h. вызывать нарушение в работе чего-л. i. нарушать / отключать энергоснабжение j. гидроэлектростанция k. электростанция, работающая на угле l. плотина гидроэлектростанции m. вводить в действие электростанцию n. геотермальная электростанция o. атомная электростанция p. тепловая электростанция q. нефтеперегонный завод r. неэтилированный бензин t. плотину прорывает u. перегораживать реку плотиной

4. Give synonyms for the following words and phrases.

oil, petrol, energy, power station, to be rich in natural resources, to develop natural resources, to deplete natural resources, limited resources, to produce coal, to hit oil, coal mine, prospecting, to carry out prospecting, to carry sth by pipeline, coal miner, to generate energy, to provide energy (for / to sb), to conserve energy, to waste energy, to run on electricity, unleaded petrol, filling station, coal-burning power station, to commission a power station, a dam bursts, power failure, to site sth in a particular place, to cause disruption (to / of sth)

5. Suggest words and expressions that correspond to the following definitions.

1. a place from which coal is dug out of the ground

2. materials such as coal, oil etc in their natural state, before being treated in order to make things

3. to dig large holes in the ground in order to remove such a mineral as coal, gold, copper, tin, lead, diamonds

4. a thick dark smooth liquid from under the ground or the bottom of the sea which is used for making petrol, paraffin, and various chemical substances

5. a large structure on the land or in the sea, which has equipment for getting oil from under the ground or the bottom of the sea

6. to control and use the natural force or power of something

7. to examine an area of land or water, in order to find gold, silver, oil or another valuable substance

8. to become gradually less or smaller over a period of time until almost nothing remains

9. to reduce the amount of something that is present or available

10. a chemical substance that is a mixture of hydrogen and carbon, such as coal, oil, or gas

11. things that exist in nature and can be used by people, for example the land, water, forests, energy sources and minerals

12. a layer of a mineral, metal or another substance that is left in soil or rocks through a natural process

13. a fuel such as coal, oil, or gas which was underground from plant and animal remains millions of years ago

14. an area of land or sea under which there is oil

6. Suggest words and expressions that correspond to the following definitions.

1. to place or build something in a particular place

2. a period of time when there is no electricity supply

3. a large structure in the sea, which has equipment for getting oil from under the bottom of the sea

4. a situation in which something, especially a system, process or event, is prevented from continuing in its usual way

5. a special wall built across a river or stream to stop the water from flowing, especially in order to make a lake or produce electricity

6. a substance such as coal, gas, oil, or petrol that can be burned to produce heat or energy

7. a system that is used to supply water, electricity, or gas

8. a building where electricity is produced to supply a large area

9. a factory where oil is made purer

10. a line of connecting pipes, often under the ground, used for sending gas, oil, water etc over long distances

11. a liquid obtained from petroleum that is used as fuel for cars and other vehicles

12. a form of energy that is carried by wires, cables etc, and is used to provide light or heat, to make machines, computers, televisions etc work

13. an artificial or natural lake where water is stored so that it can be supplied to the houses in an area

14. energy pertaining to the internal heat of the earth

7. Explain the meaning of the words and phrases listed below.

oil crisis, human resources, scarce natural resources, refined oil, prospector, energy efficiency, environmentally friendly energy source, unleaded fuel, conventional power station, hydroelectric power station, geothermal power station, to decommission a power station, water catchment area, renewable energy

8. Group the following words according to whether they are used in British English or American English.

coal pit, collier, petrol, gasoline, power station, power cut, power outage

9. Match the words in List A with those in List B to form phrases.

List A	List B
to tap raw fossil to strike oil known to harness power to prospect to be involved a pipeline renewable to cause to be powered spent filling oil-fuelled storage to dam up	a. dam b. energy c. power station d. by electricity e. a river f. natural resources g. station h. fuel i. field j. the power of the waves k. bursts l. in exploration m. for oil n. failure o. oil reserves p. oil q. dislocation r. materials s. nuclear fuel

10. Fill the gaps in the sentences with prepositions or adverbial particles.

1. Angola was a country rich ….. natural resources.

2. People still mine ….. coal in this area.

3. As the number of people increases, more pollution is generated, more habitats are destroyed, and more natural resources are used ….. .

4. It would force industries to be more careful ….. natural resources.

5. Mining company employees made no attempt to inform local residents of what they were prospecting ….. .

6. The government is allowing the areas of inshore coastal waters to be explored ….. oil and gas.

7. Most of this local iron ore was mined ….. shallow pits

8. The exploration ….. new sources of energy is vital for the future of our planet.

9. Natural gas is transported ….. pipeline.

10. What do you push ….. the pipeline that makes you the most amount of money and provides the most benefit?

11. This occurs as the result of toxins that form as mechanical energy is converted ….. electrical energy.

12. They wanted to flood the valley to provide water and electricity ….. the city.

13. The machines run ….. electricity.

14. Higher taxes encourage people to economize ….. fuel.

15. The local people dammed ….. the river to make a lake for their water supply.

16. Storm damage blacked ….. much of the region.

11. Choose the word or phrase (from the list) that best completes each of the sentences below. Change the grammatical form of the word or phrase if necessary.

scarce, to deplete, stockpile, to be rich, crisis, to dwindle, crude, economy, raw, fossil, material, reserves, deposit, to explore, field, to exploit, resource, to produce, industry, to harness

1. Some natural ….. , such as natural gas and fossil fuel, cannot be replaced.

2. We need to make sure that we ….. our resources as fully as possible.

3. If we continue ….. the Earth's natural resources, we will cause serious damage to the environment.

4. Cans are made of valuable ….. materials – aluminium, steel and tin which are rarely recycled.

5. ….. fuels are in limited supply.

6. It remains lunacy ….. yet more coal to add to power stations' stockpiles.

7. The Government must be reminded that the average age of the labour force in the coal mining ….. is about 30 years.

8. A large tanker can carry several million tons of ….. oil.

9. The oil ….. alone could not have shattered the confidence which capitalists felt during most of the golden years.

10. The Gulf has 65 per cent of the world's oil ….. .

11. Can we understand and ….. the immense energy of the Sun?

12. Many of these countries ….. in organic and mineral resources.

13. Water supplies ….. to their lowest level in ten years.

14. Valuable new ….. of tin have been found in Bolivia.

12. Choose the word or phrase (from the list) that best completes each of the sentences below. Change the grammatical form of the word or phrase if necessary.

to develop, rig, solar, energy source, to mine, deposit, miner, to generate, disruption, supplies, to deplete, pipeline, engineer, to discover, exploration, power, to prospect, destruction, manufacture, production

1. The oil fields ….. by a rapacious exploitation policy.

2. Do we aggressively ….. renewable resources?

3. We now know that ….. energy is an idea whose time has come.

4. By 1959, its wants took care of 60 percent of the world's oil ….. .

5. He ….. for minerals everywhere from the Gobi Desert to the Transvaal.

6. Lead ….. in this area for hundreds of years.

7. The government has announced the opening of the first tender for ….. on its continental shelf.

8. Francis McFarlane, 44, has not worked since he witnessed the oil ….. blaze which killed 164 workers in July 1988.

9. A further ….. from Urengoy was originally planned for 1986-90 but may be deferred because of the market situation.

10. The coal ….. throughout the Soviet Union went on strike.

11. The energy ….. by the windmill drives all the drainage pumps.

12. Millions of informed people are concerned about future energy ….. for Earth.

13. The strike caused widespread ….. to flight schedules.

14. At the time of the ban on nuclear ….. , demand was expected to rise by 1 percent a year.

13. Choose the word or phrase (from the list) that best completes each of the sentences below. Change the grammatical form of the word or phrase if necessary.

to fulfil, to ship, to tap, non-renewable, shortage, to use up, source, spent, to power, to provide, to switch off, blackout, to explore, refinery, to cut off, to run, to identify, inexhaustible, to dam, to carry out

1. Central to the operation is a mile-deep well, dug originally ….. for oil.

2. Little mineral exploration ….. in the area which is poorly exposed except in coastal sections.

3. No further oil ….. through Lonrho's pipeline, causing the company loss of revenue.

4. Branch lines were arranged ….. mineral resources.

5. Oil ….. have brought on an energy crisis.

6. The production of renewable energy ….. should also be promoted through grants, soft loans and fiscal incentives.

7. This requires the development of alternative sources of energy that are either renewable or ….. .

8. But two reactors are still operating, ….. heating and electricity to Tomsk.

9. They threatened ….. gas and electricity to Moldava, of which the Dnestr region supplied almost 80 percent.

10. Even on the lake for instance, motorboats are not allowed and the hired boats ….. on electricity.

11. Berkeley has now become the first nuclear power station in Britain to have all its ….. fuel removed.

12. Several neighbourhoods in the San Francisco area experienced ….. last night.

13. Why do you think some people opposed the building of oil ….. near Milford Haven?

14. This reservoir was formed by ….. the River Blith.

14. Choose the word or phrase (from the list) that best completes each of the sentences below. Change the grammatical form of the word or phrase if necessary.

wind, to burn, to black out, to squander, petroleum, non-renewable, dam, limited, power cut, to disrupt, to place, to burst, combustion, disruption, to flood, consumption, to locate, power plant, fuel, renewable

1. I am all for cutting carbon dioxide emissions, but that would be much more easily achieved by giving subsidies to ….. power, than with nuclear power.

2. The concern arises when a nuclear ….. is refuelled.

3. It has also promised not to build any new hydroelectric ….. , the source of the rest of the country's electricity.

4. The train struck a dam, which ….. , flooding a small town.

5. The power station ….. coal from the Ruhr region.

6. Storms caused ….. in hundreds of homes last night.

7. The leaded petrol market is shrinking so fast that some major ….. companies have discontinued refining leaded petrol.

8. The entire city ….. overnight.

9. Energy efficiency and ….. energy go hand in hand.

10. A heavy fall of snow ….. the city's transport system.

11. The company wants ….. the factory on land near the railway.

12. Should we continue to consume vast quantities of ….. fossil fuels?

13. The council has managed to reduce its overall energy ….. by 16 percent since 1979.

14. There was severe ….. to the gas, water and electricity supplies.

15. Translate these sentences. Give synonymous translations if possible.

1. Запасы полезных ископаемых на земле ограничены.

2. Жители развитых стран расходуют больше природных ресурсов, чем люди, живущие в развивающихся государствах.

3. Если исходить из разведанных запасов полезных ископаемых, то жителей земли через несколько десятков лет ждут тяжелые времена.

4. Прогнозные запасы полезных ископаемых намного превосходят разведанные и фактически используемые запасы.

5. Россия богата полезными ископаемыми.

6. Большая часть угля добывается в Сибири.

7. Люди слишком интенсивно занимаются разработкой невозобновляемых запасов полезных ископаемых.

8. Некоторые ученые полагают, что к середине нынешнего века запасы основных природных ресурсов на земле будут исчерпаны.

9. Руководители двух стран договорились о поставках сырья.

10. Экологи настаивают на переходе от использования углеводородов к широкому применению возобновляемых источников энергии.

11. Ожидается, что добыча нефти в стране вырастет на 5% в ближайшие два года.

12. Значительно выгоднее торговать не сырой, а очищенной нефтью.

13. Достоверных запасов нефти должно хватить лет на сорок.

14. Человечеству удалось овладеть силой ветра для производства электроэнергии.

15. Запасы природного газа быстро сокращаются.

16. В СССР было разведано такое количество месторождений нефти и газа, что нынешняя Россия до сих пор живет за счет их эксплуатации.

17. В настоящее время наши нефтяные компании практически не проводят разведку новых месторождений.

18. Их завод разрабатывает и производит оборудование для нефтяных вышек и нефтепромысловых платформ.

19. В следующем году будет проложен нефтепровод в Китай.

20. Большая часть природного газа перекачивается по трубопроводу.

16. Translate these sentences. Give synonymous translations if possible.

1. В прошлом веке люди научились преобразовывать солнечную энергию в электроэнергию.

2. Эта компания производит электроэнергию и поставляет ею во все города региона.

3. Экологи возражают против использования атомной энергии в качестве альтернативы энергии, производимой на электростанциях с использованием традиционных видов топлива.

4. Что является реальной альтернативой использованию невозобновляемых источников энергии?

5. В прошлом месяце два раза отключали электричества.

6. Этот прибор работает на электричестве.

7. Отработанное ядерное топливо перерабатывается на специально создаваемых для этой цели предприятиях.

8. Люди должны научиться экономить электрическую энергию.

9. Они решили сэкономить на топливе.

10. В нашем регионе одна электростанция работает на угле, а две – на природном газе.

11. В следующем году одна атомная электростанция будет введена в действие и две – выведены из эксплуатации.

12. Когда прорвало плотину, было затоплено несколько населенных пунктов.

13. Они планируют построить плотину на этой реке.

14. Сильный шторм вызвал аварийное отключение электричества во всем городе.

15. Наш регион страдает от периодических аварий в энергосистеме.

16. Вредные химические вещества просочились в городскую систему водоснабжения.

17. Необходимо с особой тщательностью выбирать место для размещения атомной электростанции.

18. Сильная засуха подорвала сельскохозяйственное производство в регионе.

19. Снежная буря вызвала серьезные нарушения в работе воздушного транспорта.