- •Passive voice
- •Semi-Modals
- •Modals of Deduction
- •Degrees of Comparison of Adjectives and Adverbs
- •Little / a little; few / a few
- •Another, other, the other, others, the others
- •Troublesome verbs
- •1. Choose the most suitable answer a, b, c, d, or e:
- •3. Put in the right article.
- •4. Choose and put into the gap the right pronoun.
- •5. Use the appropriate form of the adjectives and adverbs given in brackets.
- •2. Fill in the gaps in the following dialogue with the most suitable word. A Job Interview
Semi-Modals
HAVE TO |
1. долженствование, вызванное обстоятельст- вами (‘приходится’) 2. в отрицаниях – отсутствие необходимости (‘не надо’) |
I work hard as I have to keep my family. You don’t have to get up so early. |
BE TO |
|
We are to meet at 5. (We were to have met at 5 but we didn’t) You are to stay here until I come back. You are not to do that. He was to become a doctor. What are we to do? |
Modals of Deduction
MODAL |
TRANSLATION |
EXAMPLE |
TIME |
|
MUST |
должно быть вероятно очевидно скорее всего |
He must have written a book. |
Past |
|
He must have been writing his book for a year. |
Perfect meaning |
|||
He must be writing a book now. He must like writing books. |
Present |
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He is likely to write a book. He will probably write a book. |
Future |
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должно быть вероятно очевидно скорее всего |
+ не |
He must have failed to write a book. |
Past |
|
He isn’t likely to have been writing his book for a year. |
Perfect meaning |
|||
He isn’t likely to be writing a book. |
Present |
|||
He isn’t likely to write a book. He won’t probably write a book. |
Future |
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вряд ли |
||||
MIGHT |
возможно может быть может |
(+не) |
He might (not) have written a book. |
Past |
He might (not) have been writing his books for a year. |
Perfect meaning |
|||
He might (not) be writing a book now. He might (not) like writing book. |
Present |
|||
He might (not) write a book. |
Future |
|||
CAN |
неужели |
Can he have written a book? |
Past |
|
Can he have been writing the book for a year? |
Perfect meaning |
|||
Can he be writing a book now? Can he like writing books? |
Present |
|||
Will he really write a book? |
Future |
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неужели |
+ не |
Can he have failed to write a book? |
Past |
|
Can it be that he isn’t writing a book? Isn’t he writing a book. |
Present |
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Can it be that he won’t write a book? Won’t he write a book? |
Future |
|||
не может быть |
He can’t have written a book. |
Past |
||
He can’t have been writing his book for a year. |
Perfect meaning |
|||
He can’t be writing a book now. He can’t like writing books. |
Present |
|||
He isn’t likely to write a book. |
Future |
|||
не может быть |
+ не |
He can’t have failed to write a book. |
Past |
|
It can’t be that he isn’t writing a book. |
Present |
|||
It can’t be that he won’t write a book. |
Future |
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Notes:
1. To translate ‘вероятно … не’, ‘неужели не’ and ‘не может быть, что … не’ referring to the past you can use not only the verb to fail but other lexical ways as well:
Вероятно, она не понравилась твоим родителям = Your parents must have disliked her.
2. When you use state verbs in such sentences referring to present you are to use the Indefinite Infinitive after modals as state verbs can’t express the process:
Не может быть, что она любит тебя = She can’t love you.