Preface

The problem of the environment protection at the end of XX - the beginning of XXI century began one of the sharpest. To ignore the consequences of man’s intervention in all nature spheres more is impossible. Without resolute turn the future of mankind is unpredictable.

When we oppose ourselves to the nature, playing with illusion of "freedom" from it, we inevitably enter in the conflict to the nature. It is considered, that as a result of economic activities of people for last 50 years our planet has changed in the greater degree, than for 800 thousand years which separate us from the beginning of mastering by mankind fire.

What first of all characterizes trouble in nature management in the beginning of XXI century? It is necessary to name two basic aspects: firstly, an intensification of industrial intervention in an environment. It is expressed in extreme "squeezing" of resources. Secondly, it is multilateral pollution of environment by nonutilizable industrial wastes. A result: sharp deterioration of condition of ecological systems, destruction of unique natural complexes, reduction and destruction of populations of separate kinds of plants and animals, danger of irreversibility of changes in structures of geographical spheres which can lead to non-predicted negative consequences for a person and a society as a whole.

The environment protection and rational use of natural resources are the most actual nature protection directions. It is necessary to develop non-polluting and highly effective economy. It should be non-waste and harmless.

Strategic direction of industry development is transition to new substances and technologies which allow to reduce emissions of pollutants. The general rule is used what to prevent pollution more easy, than to liquidate its consequences. In industry for this purpose systems of sewage treatment, turnaround water supply, gas cleaning installations are applied.

Now four directions of non-waste technologies development were defined.

1) Creation of various types of non-flow technological systems and water-turnaround cycles on the basis of existing, introduced and perspective ways of sewage treatment;

2) Development and introduction of systems of processing of industrial and household waste products which are considered as secondary material resources;

3) Creation and introduction of essentially new processes of traditional kinds of products production, allowing to exclude or reduce the number of technological stages on which the basic quantity of waste products is formed;

4) Development and creation of the territorial-industrial complexes having closed structure of material streams of raw material and waste products.

The basic purpose of the given guide is acquaintance of students with the basic ecology concepts, sources, kinds and scales of pollution of air, water and ground, the basic methods of clearing and recycling of departing gases, sewage and firm waste products of industrial productions. In the guide questions of clearing, recycling and recovery of gaseous, liquid and firm waste products of manufactures of the basic inorganic synthesis (sulfuric acid, soda ash, caustic soda, ammoniac saltpeter, phosphorus, phosphoric acid) are in detail considered.