3.7.1. Dumps and sludge storages

Dumps represent sections of ground behind city on which industrial and household waste products are uncontrollably kept. Frequently they set on fire for reduction of volume of kept waste products. This method of waste products storage is unsuitable. Now it is forbidden by legislations in many countries of the world as dumps are a serious source of pollution of the air and water environment. At storage of chemical waste products on open dumps there is an interaction of components of waste products to a moisture and oxygen of air therefore toxic and harmful compounds are formed. These compounds are extracted and absorbed by rain and superficial waters, subsequently they get in the rivers and lakes. However such dumps of industrial wastes still exist. There is the ground storage of galit waste products, phosphogypsum, cinder, etc.

Sludge storages are the specially constructed ground constructions intended for storage and settling of sludge. Sludge storages have the special drainage system for removal of sewage. Their bottom and shores are isolated by waterproof layer from clay, polymeric materials, bitumen. This method of storage of waste products also is not the decision of this problem as a whole. Sludge storages are the open constructions. There is a constant allocation of gaseous substances in an atmosphere from their surface, and in case of damage of a drainage or insulation layer - leak of the polluted sewage.

Sanitary earthen covering is applied to a burial place of firm waste products. Sanitary covering of waste products is carried out in special holes or by ground storage. The basic requirements are the compaction of waste products and daily covering of a layer of the ground. This way the suspensions of scrubber clearing of gases from SO₂ and ash of power stations are liquidated.

The burial place of toxic chemical waste products is impossible without their preliminary processing. The most widespread way of processing is hardening of waste products, i.e. transformation of toxic components into insoluble compounds. For this purpose to waste products binding agents are added: cement, lime, bitumen, paraffins, organic polymers, synthetic materials. The method of encapsulation of waste products by an inert film is also used.

Waste products processing of by various stabilizing and neutralizing additives does more expensive the process of liquidation of waste products.

3.7.2. Pumping of waste products in deep horizons

Pumping of liquid waste products is carried out through chinks below level of ground waters in water-bearing layers of brines which have not a practical value. Depth of chinks changes from several hundreds meters up to 4000 meters. For pumping already available chinks are often used.

Till now the pumping of liquid and firm waste products in deep layers of seas and oceans is used. So, the sour waste products received by manufacture of TiO₂ in Spain, are liquidated by their dump to Mediterranean Sea. From coast of the Great Britain in Northern Sea annually together with other industrial wastes 3600 tons of lead, 140 tons of mercury, 660 kg of chlorinated pesticides, 5700 tons of copper, 1 million tons of organic compounds, about 112 tons of cadmium, 61 thousand tons of manganese are dumped. Certainly, such approach to the decision of a problem of waste products reclamation is not rational. Now laws on prohibition of waste products dump in the seas and oceans are developed or already operate.