27. Translate the verbs and sort them into the categories

Быть против; влечь за собой; забывать; значить/ предназначить; избегать; иметь тенденцию; отказываться; предлагать; признавать; принуждать; притворяться; продолжать; просить; решать; рассматривать; спрашивать; cуметь

+ to infinitive	+ ing	+ to or + ing

27. Fill in the gaps with the verbs in the appropriate form. Note: there are 2 extra verbs

Agree/ ask/ begin/ decide/ forget/ keep/ manage/ pretend/ promise/ refuse/ remember/ try

1. My girlfriend and me were on a budget so we considered flying with a low-cost airline.

2. We _________ to arrive at the airport in time.

3. Unfortunately I ________ to check in online and our seats were in different rows.

4. We ________the flight attendant to let us sit together.

5. The flight attendant ___________to help us because it was against the airline’s policy.

6. My girlfriend ________to be sick and I ________complaining loudly.

7. Other passengers ________ to interfere but we paid no attention to them.

8. Suddenly the plane _______ shaking uncontrollably.

9. I __________ thinking about my life and praying.

10. I __________ to myself never to fly again.

27. *Create your own story using the verbs from the Grammar section.

• My first flight

• My worst flight ever

• How I saved the whole plane from crash

27. Answer the questions

How are airplanes tested? What is the aim of these tests?

Why do aircraft manufacturers attempt to break the plane wings?

Why do aircraft manufacturers conduct tests in frost and snow?

How dead chickens are used in aircraft tests?

Why do you need to cover carbon fiber planes with a layer of metal?

27. Read the text and check your answers

27. Use the –ing or the to infinitive form of the verbs in brackets

EXTREME TESTING OF AIRPLANES

In the last 10 years, the testing methods have seen major changes– both on the ground and in computer simulations intended to minimize the number of hours testing planes in flight.

Accidents of the past encouraged aircraft designers (bring in) more and more safety features into new aircraft at the design stage, long before they started (carry) passengers.

To see how the wings and fuselage would behave under both normal and exceptional loads during their life, manufacturers perform so-called “static tests.” The final test involves (get) the aircraft wings (snap) – this helps (find out) their breaking point, and ensures it is well beyond the predicted load level.

Collisions even with small birds can cause an engine (stall) or (explode) . To ensure that engines continue (operate) even after a bird strike, engine manufacturers throw dead birds into test engines on the ground with a so-called “chicken gun”– a large-diameter, compressed-air cannon.

To make sure that engines, systems and materials keep (work) properly under extremely hot temperatures and at high altitude, manufacturers test aircraft in intense heat and freezing conditions. These trials are intended (validate) full functionality of the engines, systems, materials and to ensure that the passengers, are always in a comfortable environment

Wind tunnels allow manufacturers (test) all phases of flight – including extreme conditions. The Research Aerodynamics Icing Tunnel allows Boeing (simulate) many kinds of rain, ice and cloud conditions that airplanes might encounter.

One of the most cutting-edge ways of testing modern planes involves (build) the key systems of the aircraft on the ground and then (test) these systems digitally.

On average, a plane gets (be hit) by lightning about once a year. Traditional aluminium planes are usually able (continue) their journey safely – the high electrical conductivity of aluminium allows it (dissipate) the electricity through the aircraft structure quickly without (cause ) any damage. But next-generation aircraft are built from new materials, such as carbon fibre, which tend (have) much lower electrical conductivity than aluminium. These materials need (be protected) against lightning strike. It is usually done by (add) a thin layer of metal. The problem is that it adds weight. Researchers are trying (find) other solutions to protect systems against strikes, which will maintain safety levels and avoid (add) weight.