5 Economic damage

Pollution of the environment adversely affects the quality of the natural environment, but also undermines the quality of human capital, accelerates the wear and tear of elements of constant capital, and restrains the accumulation of aggregate capital. In this regard, there was a need to assess the environmental and economic damage to the natural environment.

Under economic damage, in our opinion, it is necessary to understand the actual losses incurred by the enterprise and the population in terms of environmental pollution.

Economic damage is a complex value and is expressed by the sum of the main local losses from the deterioration of public health, economic activity, industry,

Environmental factors that shape economic damage are divided into three main groups: the factors of influence, perception and state.

Factors of influence are the level and nature of anthropogenic impacts.

Perception factors are characterized by the main objects that fall into the zone of influence and perceive negative impacts (population, communal services, urban development, agricultural and forest land, fixed assets of industry, transport, communications, natural ecosystems, etc.).

State factors directly determine the amount of loss per unit recipient, which uses valuation estimates to translate changes in society and nature.

In addition, environmental factors that have a negative impact on economic indicators can be classified according to the conditions of formation and accounting features.

Depending on the formation conditions, there are internal factors and external factors. Internal factors are determined by the technical level of the specific production, the nature of the technological processes, the quality of the processed raw materials and energy carriers in the enterprises, etc. External factors are determined by natural, meteorological, topographic, socio-economic, hygienic and other regional characteristics.

With a statistical assessment of the magnitude of environmental and economic damage, methods for quantifying economic damage can be used, which is subdivided into methods of direct calculation, analytical and empirical.

The peculiarity of the direct counting method is that the amount of economic damage is determined directly for a particular research object by direct calculation of the various components of losses expressed in value form. This approach is based on a comparison of indicators of the state of recipients in the contaminated area with the corresponding indicators of clean territory.

The approach based on the study of analytical dependencies is based on obtaining mathematical dependencies (multifactor analysis) between the indicators of the state of the economic system and the quality of the environment.

By empirical method is understood the dependence of damage on the level of impacts obtained by the first two methods for private objects, is generalized and used for similar situations for a specific surveyed enterprise. Consequently, the empirical assessment of economic damage assumes the use of a system of normative indicators fixing the dependence of the negative consequences of a violation on the main factors, which in practice are usually used indicators of specific economic loss per unit number of recipients at a fixed level of pollution, which are calculated on the basis of direct account methods .

The first two methods require the collection and processing of a huge amount of information and in practice, as a rule, are not used, but serve as only a tool for creating an information base when developing an empirical methodology.

Also, under environmental damage to the natural environment, additional costs associated with the need to eliminate pollution of the natural environment and stop its destruction should be understood. This approach is generally consistent with the interpretation of economic damage in the context of environmental costs.

The main components of environmental pollution costs include:

1) costs of pollution control;

2) additional costs for the elimination or reduction of sanitary, social and other consequences of environmental pollution;

3) the cost of non-production due to a decline in labor productivity.

The first component is accounted for as part of production costs, the latter are used to determine damage and to calculate payments for environmental pollution.

To compensate for environmental pollution costs, there are three sources: budgetary allocations, producer of material goods and their consumer (population). Hence, three forms of cost recovery are distinguished: budget, enterprise profits and prices.

Economic damage from pollution of the natural environment is a complex amount equal to the amount of damage to recipients. In most cases, the main types of recipients include the population, objects of housing and communal services and households, agricultural orestry resources and fixed assets of industry. The process of anthropogenic impact on the environment is a process in which there are four main "participants": pollutants, polluted territories with their geographic, climatic, meteorological and other specifics, recipients located in these territories. Under the economic damage (u) from pollution of the environment is understood as the sum of the reduced costs for recipients aimed at: preventing harmful effects spread (protection from exposure, its reduction); methods for assessing damage can be divided into two large groups: - direct recipient methods - methods for aggregate damage assessment. The official methodological basis for an integrated assessment of damage is the temporary

                

typical methodology for determining the economic efficiency of implementing environmental measures and assessing economic damage caused to the national economy by environmental pollution. Recipient method allows to identify the list of contaminated objects, their structure and components of corresponding losses. Types of recipient damage on the basis of homogeneity of objects and elements subject to environmental load are classified into basic and complex. Complex recipient types of damage consist of a certain set of basic types of damage. An example of a basic damage is the damage from deteriorating the health of the population, an example of comprehensive damage is damage in the housing and communal services. In our opinion, the first group is characterized by a rather high accuracy of estimation, but a great deal of labor, the second is characterized by low labor costs, but low accuracy. Damage to the population is the deterioration of his health as a result of pollution of the components of the natural environment. Increase in the level of the incidence of the population causes in the economy additional costs associated with medical services for the population, a decrease in the production of national income due to reduced productivity and temporary disability, payment of temporary disability benefits, etc. Then in this case, you can determine the indicators of social -economic effect of environmental protection measures: the effect of preventing losses of net production due to the morbidity from pollution with food:

Эп = бхпг (р1 — р2),  (1)

where b - the number of employees, abstract from the production due to illness or caring for the sick; pg - net production per one person-day; p1, p2 - respectively, the number of work days per employee before and after the implementation of environmental protection measures. The effect of reducing payments from the social insurance fund:

(2)                                                                           where d is the number of employees receiving sickness benefit due to environmental pollution; вп - the average size of the grant; р1, р2 - the number of work days per employee before and after environmental protection measures. Another direction of the assessment of environmental and economic damage, in our opinion, is the integration of statistical accounting of financial and economic performance indicators of enterprises and environmental monitoring indicators in conjunction with sources of negative anthropogenic impact, which will provide the most complete assessment of the effectiveness of their activities. To increase the validity of the decisions taken, use a single integral criterion of environmental and economic efficiency (fig.). The most logical way to obtain such a criterion is to include in the cost structure for each variant of the decision a valuation of the negative external effect, and in the revenue structure, the valuation of a favorable environmental impact or to reduce the negative impact. The economic justification of the corresponding costs for environmental measures in the market is manifested in the product quality category, which should be expanded by the notion of ecological quality. It implies how safe it is from an environmental point of view to manufacture this product. Requirements for environmental quality become mandatory in the consumer markets of many countries, as well as systems for the certification of the environmental quality of production production. The proposed integral criteria for investment effect is the evaluation of investment projects in accordance with generally accepted criteria. The environmental effect of the decision can be assessed as the difference between the positive effect, which is expressed in the reduction of the costs of the entire ecological and economic system of the region as a whole as a result of the elimination of negative environmental impact, and the negative environmental effect, which is expressed in increasing the costs of the entire environmental and economic system as a whole to eliminate the negative impact on the environment. The infrastructural effect is manifested in a decrease in the cost of production in related industries throughout the entire economic systemregion as a whole, due to transportation savings, due to lower prices as a result of increased competition, through the use of new technologies, etc. The social effect is manifested as the difference between the cost-based quality of life assessment, including all the quality components, and the population's costs to achieve them. In our opinion, this approach for assessing the environmental and economic effect allows taking into account long-term environmental consequences in the evaluation of economic decisions at any level of planning. Accounting for the environmental component in the assessment of investment decisions allows you to enter the category of environmental quality of the project, which will be taken into account by investors as a success or risk factor for the proposed investment project. In the methodological aspect, the existing scheme for calculating the economic damage from the placement of solid waste in the natural environment enterprises. The most integrated assessment of economic damage from pollution of the components of the environment is presented in the "temporary guidance on the calculation of environmental damage from excessive and unauthorized placement of solid waste (products).

" calculation of damage from pollution of the components of the natural environment is determined by the formula:

Where yt is the total damage from pollution of the components of the environment as a result of placement in the accumulator of an excess volume of the company's waste in the year "t", tenge; yb - damage from water pollution, in tenge; yn - damage from pollution of soils, tenge; ya - damage from pollution of atmospheric air, tenge; yb - specific economic damage caused to water resources; yn - specific economic damage caused to soils; ya - specific economic damage caused to atmospheric air; мсверх - estimated excess volume of the company's waste, stored in the storage, t; kvt is a constant that characterizes the significance of the water management sector in which the reservoir in question is located; kat is a constant characterizing the relative danger of air pollution over different types of territories; кс - an indicator of the socio-economic importance of the territory of the location of the waste accumulator of an enterprise of a particular enterprise; a kb-indicator that takes into account the category of agricultural land of the territory adjacent to the waste storage of a particular enterprise.

A more complex method for estimating the economic damage caused to production as a result of solid waste is defined as an integral value on the basis of the formula where y is the annual damage estimate (tenge / year); k - compensation losses for the seized land resource (tenge); s is the area occupied by the waste; r - cost of works on reclamation (tenge / ha), з - costs for transportation, preparation, storage and storage of waste (tenge / year); uatm - damage from atmospheric pollution (tenge / year); gathering - damage from pollution of water bodies (tenge / year); (1 + en) - t is the coefficient of reduction; enp - the standard for reducing the time costs = 0, 08; t is the year of remediation works (0≤t ≤35). But this approach requires a more advanced information base based on expert assessments and giving a full assessment of the properties of waste. When assessing the environmental and economic damage, many, often interrelated and interdependent factors must be taken into account , which significantly complicates the practical use of the relevant statistical methods and models.