ENGLISH_LEXICOLOGY

Introductory course to the English Language Lexicology - [ELL] Elementary course.

Conducted: Associate Professor, PhD - Aida Rustamovna. Department of Foreign Languages for Professional Communication;

Department of International Educational Programs for Oversea Students.

Each'part'of'speech'has'a'distinguishing'semantic'feature.'Nouns'have'the'component'

“substantiality”'or'“thingness”'adjectives'have'“quality”'and'so'on.'

The' semantic' features' of' words' may' be' classified' into' markers' and' distinguishers.' Semantic'markers'are'semantic'features,'which'can'be'found'(or'are'present)'also'in'the'lexical' meaning'of'other'words.'Distinguishers'are'semantic'features,'which'are'individual,'which'are' not'present'in'the'lexical'meaning'of'other'words.'

countable'noun'

human'spinster'adult'

female'who'has'never'married'

“countable'noun”'X'is'a'marker,'because'it'represents'a'subclass'within'nouns'and'it'is'a'

semantic'feature'which'the'word'“spinster”'has'in'common'with'all'other'countable'nouns'(boy,' table,' flower,' idea' etc)' “human”' is' a' marker' because' it' refers' the' word' “spinster”' to' noun' denoting'human'beings.'

“adult”'is'a'marker'because'it'is'a'subdivision'of'human'beings'into'adult'and'young.' “female”' is' a' marker' too' because' it' shows' a' subclass' of' adult' females' as' woman,'

window,'mother'etc.'

“Who'has'never'married”'X'is'a'distinguisher'because'it'differentiates'the'meaning'of'

the'word'from'other'words'which'have'all'other'common'semantic'

adult'

features.'Componential'analysis'is'also'used'in'the'investigation'of'the'semantic' structure' of' synonyms.' There' is' certain' component' of' meaning' which' differs' one'

member'from'any'other'member'of'the'same'synonymic'set.' thick' object'inanimate'

human' human'stout' male'buxom' female'

The' adjective' “thick' has' no' the' component' “human”,' “stout”' does' not' contain' the' semantic'component'“object”'(a'thick'book,'a'stout'man)'and'the'adjective'“buxom”'possesses' the' semantic' component' “female”' which' is' not' to' be' found' in' either' the' English' adjectives' “thick”'or'“stout”.'

The'analysis'into'the'components'“animate”,'“inanimate”,'“object”,'“male”'shows'the'

difference'in'the'meaning'of'synonyms.'

The'analysis'helps'us'to'find'out'the'correspondence'between'the'semantic'structure'of'

correlated'words'and'correlated'meanings'of'words'in'different'languages.'

The' words' “thick”,' “stout”,' “buxom”' and' the' word' “толстый”' (семиз)' are' not' semantically' identical'because' the' Russian' word' “толстый”' is' used' to' describe' both' humans' and'objects.'

Ex.'толстый'человек,'толстая'книга.'

The'components'of'the'lexical'or'the'grammatical'meanings'may'be'singled'out'by'the'

coXoccurrence'analysis.'

Unfortunately'the'dictionaries'do'not'always'point'out'such'semantic'components'of' words' as' “animate' X' inanimate”,' “humanXnonhuman”,' “youngXold”' etc.' We' know' these' components'in'their'collectability'with'certain'types'of'nouns.'

The'semantic'components'of'the'verb'“to'smoke”'such'as'“age”,'“human”'can'be'found'

Introductory course to the English Language Lexicology - [ELL] Elementary course.

Conducted: Associate Professor, PhD - Aida Rustamovna. Department of Foreign Languages for Professional Communication;

Department of International Educational Programs for Oversea Students.

when'it'is'combined'with'certain'nouns'denoting'these'components.'

The' “female”' or' “male”' component' of' the' meaning' of' the' noun' “baby”' can' be' observed'through'the'coXoccurrence'of'it'with'the'possessive'pronouns'“his”'or'“her”.'

The'baby'drank'his'milk'the'baby'drank'her'milk.'The'componential'analysis'is'widely' used'in'modern'linguistics.'(Nida'E.'Componential'Analysis'of'Meaning.'The'Hague,'1975).'The' words'in'different'languages'have'their'own'semantic'components.'Comparing'the'English'verb' “to'go”,'Russian'“ходить”,'and'“ездить”'we'can'see'that'in'the'English'language,'words'the'way' of'movement'is'not'shown.'But'in'

Russian'verbs'холить'and'ездить'this'component'is'shown'in'them.'We'see'here'the'

hidden'component'of'meaning.'The'hidden'component'of'meaning'is'a'component,'which'can'

be'revealed'through'the'collectability'of'words.'

It'is'impossible'to'say'in'Russian'“ехать'пешком”.'R.'S.'Ginzburg'says'that'the'hidden'

component'of'meaning'of'words'is'the'linguistic'property'of'the'word.'It'can'be'found'with'the'

help'of'coXoccurrence'analysis.'To'study'the'hidden'components'of'words'is'very'important'for'

language'teaching.'The'Immediate'Constituents'Analysis.'The'Immediate'Constituents'(I.'C.)'

Analysis'attempts'to'determine'the'ways'in'which'the'units'are'related'to'one'another.' This' method' is' based' on' a' binary' principle.' In' each' stage' of' the' procedure' we' have' two' components.' At' each' stage' these' two' components' are' broken' into' two' smaller' meaningful' elements.' The' analysis' is' ended' when' we' arrive' at' the' constituents,' which' are' not' divided' further.'These'constituents'are'called'“the'ultimate'constituents”.'

The'aim'of'the'I.'C.'analysis'is'to'segment'a'set'of'lexical'units'into'two'independent' constituents.' The' meaning' of' the' sentence,' word' group' and' the' I.' C.' segmentation' are' interdependent.'

Ex.'A'fat'teacher’s'wife'may'mean'that'either'the'teacher'is'fat'or'his'wife'is'fat.'

A'fat'teacher’s'wife'X'means'that'the'teacher'is'fat.'A'fat/'teacher’s'wife'X'means'that'his'

wife'is'fat.'A'beautiful/'woman'doctor'X'means'that'the'doctor'is'a'beautiful'woman.'A'beautiful' woman/'doctor'means'that'the'doctor'who'treats'woman'is'beautiful.'This'analysis'is'widely' used' in' lexicological' investigations' and' in' the' study' of' derivational' structure' of' words' and' morphemic' analysis' of' words.' Ex.' denationalize' (not' to' give' a' national' right)' may' be' first' segmented'into.'de/'nationalize'because'the'morpheme'“de'X”'can'be'found'in'a'number'of' other'words:'such'as:'deform,'denature,'denominate.'The'remaining'part'“nationalize”'can'be' broken'into'national/'ize'because'“X'“ize”'can'be'found'in'such'words'as'“organize”,'“humanize”,' “recognize”,' “standardize”.' National' X' inti' nation/' al' as' X' “al”' occurs' in' a' number' of' words:' occupational,'musical,'and'critical.'

So'we'have'found'de/'nation/'al'/'ize'X'4'ultimate'constituents'“friendliness”'is'divided'

into'friendly/'ness'(friendlyX'looking)'because'“ness”'can'be'found'in'such'words'as'happiness,'

kindness,'darkness,'beautifulness'etc.'

“friendly”' is' divided' into' friend/' ly' because' “friend”' may' occur' in' “friendship”,' “unfriendly”'on'the'one'hand'“ly”'can'be'seen'in'“wifely”,'“brotherly”'on'the'other'hand.'

So'we'have'found'friend'X'ly'X'ness'X'3'ultimate'constituents.'We'draw'schemes'of'the'

morphemic'analysis'according'to'the'I.'C.'method.'

unreasonable'un'reasonable'de'

Introductory course to the English Language Lexicology - [ELL] Elementary course.

Conducted: Associate Professor, PhD - Aida Rustamovna. Department of Foreign Languages for Professional Communication;

Department of International Educational Programs for Oversea Students.

denationalize'friendliness'nationalize'friendly'ness' reason' able'

national'ize' friend' ly' This'is'the'morphemic'analysis'according'to'the'I.'C.'method.'It'should'be'pointed'out'

that'this'method'is'very'useful'to'find'out'the'derivational'structure'of'words'too.'

friend' li' ness'

nation' al' Ex.'“'denationalize”'has'both'a'prefix'“de'X”'and'the'suffix'“Xize”.'

In'order'to'know'whether'this'word'is'a'prefixes'or'a'suffixes'derivative'we'use'the'I.'C.' analysis.' We' cannot' divide' this' word' into' denational' /' ize' because' there' is' no' the' word' “denational”.'The'only'possible'way'of'divisions'is'de/'nationalizing'because'there'is'the'word'“' nationalize”.'Therefore'we'may'say'that'this'word'is'a'prefixes'derivative.'I.'C.'is'also'useful'to' define'the'compound'words'and'derivational'compound'words.'

Ex.'snow'X'covered'can’t'be'divided'into'snow+cover+ed'but'snow'+'covered.'So'it'is'a'

compound'word'because'there'is'no'“snow'X'cover”'in'the'dictionary.'

“blue+eyed'may'be'divided'into'(blue+eye)+ed'because'there'is'the'word'“blue+eye”'

therefore'it'is'a'derivational'compound'word.'

'

Distributional'Analysis.'

This' method' is' widely' used' in' lexicological' analysis.' Distribation' is' the' occurrence' of' words'relatively'to'other'words.'It'is'the'position,'which'words'occupies'or'may'occur'in'the' text.'

The' words' have' different' lexical' meanings' in' different' distributional' patterns.' In' different'distributional'structures'the'word'“ill”'has'different'meaning:'ill'look,'ill'luck,'ill'health'X' плохой,'fall'ill,'be'ill'X'больной.'

The'place'of'a'morpheme'is'relative'to'other'morphemes'ex.'singerXersing'is'impossible.' A' different' pattern' of' arrangement' of' the' same' morphemes' changes' the' whole' into' the' meaningless.'If'we'have'different'distribution'we'have'different'meanings!'

Ex.'to'get'to'London,'to'get'angry,'to'get'rid'of.'to'take'care'of,'to'take'of,'to'take'in,'

take'on,'take'place,'take'a'taxi,'take'tea.'As'was'said'above,'different'distribution'of'components'

of'compound'words'may'change'the'meaning'of'the'word.'Ex.'birdXcage'and'cageXbird,'fruitX

market,'marketXfruit,'lifeXboat,'boatXlife.'

So'the'meaning'of'the'word'depends'on'its'distribution.'It'should'be'pointed'out'that'

the'meaning'of'the'word'is'dependent'on'what'class'of'words'it'is'combined'with.'

Thus'nouns'may'be'subdivided'into'N' animate'human' nonXhuman' inanimate'concrete'abstract' beings'ex'X'man,'girl'

beings' ex' ex'ex'table,'pen' joy,'idea' bird'animal'

Ex.' If' we' use' after' the' verb' “move”' the' nouns' denoting' inanimate' objects' (move+'

Introductory course to the English Language Lexicology - [ELL] Elementary course.

Conducted: Associate Professor, PhD - Aida Rustamovna. Department of Foreign Languages for Professional Communication;

Department of International Educational Programs for Oversea Students.

inanimate'N)'it'has'the'meaning:'двигать'(ex.'He'moved'a'table).' But'when'it'is'followed'by'the'noun'denoting'animate'human'being'(move+animate'N)'

it'has'another'meaning:'He'moved'a'man'“он'будил'человека”.'The'meaning'of'words'also' different'if'they'are'combined'with'different'lexicoX'semantic'groups.'By'lexicoXsemantic'group' we'understand'the'group'of'words'joined'together'by'a'common'concept'or'the'words,'which' have' a' common' semantic' component.' Ex.' verbs' denoting' sence' perception:' to' think,' to' imagine,'to'write,'or'adjectives'denoting'color:'red,'black,'yellow'etc.'

Ex.'blind'+'any'N'denoting'a'living'being,'animate'слепой'without'the'power'to'see:'a'

blind'man,'a'blind'woman,'blind'cat.'

blind+N'denoting'inanimate'objects'or'abstract'concept'may'have'different'meanings' depending'on'the'lexicoX'semantic'group'of'the'noun,'it'belongs'to.'So'it'has'the'meaning'“' безрассудный”' (thoughtless)' when' it' is' combined' with' nouns' denoting' emotions.' Ex.' blind' love,'blind'fury.'

With'nouns'denoting'written'or'typed'signs'it'has'the'meaning'“hard'to'see”,'ex.'blind'

handwriting,'blind'type.'

Distributional'analysis'is'widely'used'in'word'formation.'

The'analysis'of'the'derivational'pattern'N+ishXadj.'show'that'the'suffixX'“ish”'is'never'

combined'with'noun'stems'denying'time,'space.'It'is'impossible'to'say'hourish,mileish.'Many'

adjectives'in'X'“ish”'are'formed'noun+stems'denoting'living'beings,'ex.'wolfish,'boyish,'girlish.'

So'the'distribution'may'be'viewed'as'the'place'of'words'in'relation'to'other'words'on'

the'level'of'semantic'classes'and'subXclasses.'The'distributional'meanings'by'coXoccurrence'may'

be'extraXlinguistic'or'linguistic'components'of'meaning.'

Good'doctor'X'who'treats'well'Good'mother'X'who'takes'care'of'her'children'well.'Here' the' meaning' of' the' adjective' “good”' is' different' and' it' is' the' extra' X' linguistic' factors' that' account'for'the'difference'in'meaning.'The'linguistic'components'of'distributional'meaning'can' be'found'when'we'compare'correlated'words'in'different'languages.'

Ex.'In'English'the'verb'“to'seize”'may'be'combined'with'nouns'denoting'different'kinds' of' emotions' (I' was' seized' with' joy,'grief,' etc.)' but' in' Russian'we' may' say'X' на' меня' напало' сомнения;'but'the'collocations'X'напала'радость,'надежда'are'impossible,'so'the'Russian'verb' cannot'be'combined'with'nouns'denoting'pleasurable'emotions.'

It'must'be'said'that'the'different'semantic'peculiarities'of'the'word'may'be'found'in'the'

distributional'analysis.'The'verb'“to'giggle”'refers'to'a'type'of'laughter.'It'means,'“to'laugh'in'a'

nervous'manner”'but'the'analysis'showed'that'“to'giggle”'is'often'connected'with'the'laugh'of'a' woman' (women' giggle)' man' may' giggle' drunkenly' or' nervously' but' not' happily' or' politely.' Different'words'make'different'patterns.'

Ex.'to'fell'one’s'way,'to'fell'bad,'to'feel'tired,'to'feel'to'something.'

What'is'a'pattern?'A'pattern'is'combination'of'a'word,'a'symbolic'representation'of'the'

class'of'words'with'which'it'may'be'combined.'

Ex.'To'see'a'boy,'to'see'a'place,'to'see'a'book.'

On'the'bases'of'these'words'we'can'draw'a'pattern'see+N.'This'is'called'a'distributional'

formula.'The'distributional'formula'is'a'symbolic'representation.'

Ex.'make+'(a)'+N'X'make'a'coat,'a'machine'make+'(the)+N+V'X'make'the'machine'go'

Introductory course to the English Language Lexicology - [ELL] Elementary course.

Conducted: Associate Professor, PhD - Aida Rustamovna. Department of Foreign Languages for Professional Communication;

Department of International Educational Programs for Oversea Students.

make+(A)X'make'sure'make+'(a)'+'A'+'N'make'a'good'wife.'

In'each'of'these'example'the'meaning'of'“make”'is'different.'

Transformational' Analysis.' Sometimes' the' distributional' analysis' alone' doesn’t' show' whether'the'meaning'is'the'same'or'different.'In'this'case'we'use'transformational'analysis.' Transformation'is'any'repetative,'remaking'of'a'word'group.'

Ex.'to'tear'a'curtain'X'the'curtain'has'a'tear'to'cat'a'finger'X'the'finger'has'a'cat.'

A'paraphrase'of'a'sentence'in'which'some'words'are'replaced'by'semantic'equivalent'is'

a'lexical'transformation.'

Ex.'This'novel'is'a'best'seller'X'(this'novel'is)'a'book'that'has'one'of'the'biggest'sales'of'

the'season.'A'lexical'transformation'keeps'the'meaning'unchanged.'

Introductory course to the English Language Lexicology - [ELL] Elementary course.

Conducted: Associate Professor, PhD - Aida Rustamovna. Department of Foreign Languages for Professional Communication;

Department of International Educational Programs for Oversea Students.

SEMINARS'

Seminar(1(

Analyze#the#following#lexical#units#according#to#their#structure.##

Point#out#the#function#of#morphemes.#Speak#about#bound#morphemes#and#free#morphemes.## Point#out#allomorphs#in#analyzed#words:#''

•Accompany'

•Unsystematic'

•forgetXmeXnot'

•computerize'

•expressionless'

•reservation'

•deXrestrict'

•superXprivileged'

•moisture'

•'lengthen'

•clannish'

•pleasure'

•beautify'

•workaholic'

•reconstruction'

•beflower'

•inwardly'

•counter'

•culture'

•specialize'

•moneywise'

•threeXcornered'

•round'table'

•Green'Berets'

•to'sandwich.'

'

Seminar(2.(

Analyze# the# following# derived# words,# point# out# suffixes# and# prefixes# and# classify# them# from# different#points#of#view:''

•to'embed''

•nourishment'

•unsystematic'

•encourage'

•inwardly''

•to'accompany'

•translatorese'

•dispensable'

Introductory course to the English Language Lexicology - [ELL] Elementary course.

Conducted: Associate Professor, PhD - Aida Rustamovna. Department of Foreign Languages for Professional Communication;

Department of International Educational Programs for Oversea Students.

•clannishness'

•to'deXrestrict'

•workaholic'

•jetXwise''

•reconstruction'

•to'overreach'

•thoroughly'

•after'thought'

•foundation'

•childishness'

•strains''

•aggressor'

•to'reXwrite'

•completion''

•gangsterdom'

•pleasure'

•concentration'

•refuse'

•counterXculture'

•brink''

•manXship'

•allusion'

•selfXcriticism'

•to'computerize'

•slimster'

•reservation'

•translation'

'

Seminar(3( Analyze(the(following(compound(words:''

•noteXbook''

•speedometer''

•sonXinXlaw'''

•to'jobXhop''

•brainXgain''

•videoXcorder'''

•fairXhaired''

•forgetXmeXnot''

•AngloXRussian'''

•teachXin''

•backXgrounder''

•biblioXklept'''

Introductory course to the English Language Lexicology - [ELL] Elementary course.

Conducted: Associate Professor, PhD - Aida Rustamovna. Department of Foreign Languages for Professional Communication;

Department of International Educational Programs for Oversea Students.

•theatreXgoer''

•wellXdressed''

•bioXengineer'''

•to'bookXhunt''

•miniXterm''

•to'babyXsit''

•bloodXthirsty''

•goodXforXnothing''

•throwXaway'''

•doXgooder''

•skinXhead''

•kleptomania'''

•sportsman''

•paraXtrooper''

•airbus''

•'busXnapper''

•ceaseXfire''

•threeXcornered'''

•tipXtop''

•brainXdrain''

•breadXandXbutter'.'

'

Compare(the(structure(of(the(following(words:''

•demagougery''

•tablewards''

•heliport''

•tobbacoless''

•moneyXwise''

•nonXformal'''

•booketeria''

•goXgo''

•motel'''

•counterXclockwise''

•to'frontpage''

•productivity''

•giverXaway''

•newlyXcreated''

•nobody'

'

Seminar(4.(

Conversion.(

Analyze(the(following(lexical(units:(

Introductory course to the English Language Lexicology - [ELL] Elementary course.

Conducted: Associate Professor, PhD - Aida Rustamovna. Department of Foreign Languages for Professional Communication;

Department of International Educational Programs for Oversea Students.

•to'eye''

•a'find''

•to'slim''

•a'grownXup''

•to'airmail''

•steel'helmet''

•London''

•season''

•resit''

•sleep''

•a'flirt''

•a'read'handout''

•to'weekend''

•a'buildXup''

•supersonics''

•a'nonXformal''

•to'wireless''

•to'submarine''

•to'blueXpencil''

•to'blind'X'the'blind'X'blinds''

•distrust''

•a'jerk''

•to'radio''

•news''

•haveXnots''

•the'English''

•to'coXauthor''

•to'water''

•to'winter''

•a'sitXdown''

•motherXinXlaw''

•morning'star''

•undesirables''

•a'walk''

•a'find''

•dislike''

•log''

•cabin''

•finals'

'

Seminar(5.(

Shortenings(and(abbreviations.(Analyze(the(following(lexical(units:(

Introductory course to the English Language Lexicology - [ELL] Elementary course.

Conducted: Associate Professor, PhD - Aida Rustamovna. Department of Foreign Languages for Professional Communication;

Department of International Educational Programs for Oversea Students.

•aggro'/aggression/''

•Algol'/'algorythmic'language/''

•apex'/eipeks/'X'advanced'purchased'excursion/''

•payment'for'an'excursion'ninety'days'before'the'time'of'excursion/''

•AXday'/announcement'Day'X'day'of'announcing'war/''

•AID'/'artifitial'insemination'by'a'donor/''

•AIDS'/'acquired'immunity'deficiency'syndrome/''

•Ala'/'Alabama/''

•a.s.a.p.'/as'soon'as'possible/''

•barXBXQ',barb'/barbecue/''

•to'babyXsit'/'babyXsitter/''

•AXlevel'/advanced'level/''

•BC'/birth'certificate/'

•'burger'/hamberger/''

•Camford,'Oxbridge'CALL'/computerXassisted'language'learning/''

•CAT'/computerXassisted'training/''

•cauli'/'cauliflower/''

•COD'/'cash'on'delivery/''

•COBOL'/'k'ubol/'/common'businessXoriented'language/''

•coX'ed'comp'/komp,'k'mp/'/accompaniment/''

•DINKY'/double'income',no'kids'yet/''

•EXDay'/entrance'day'/'

•Common'Market/'expo/exposition/''

•edbiz/'educational'business/''

•elXhi'/'elementary'and'high'schools/,''

•ex'lib/ex'libris/'/from'the'library'of/'etc''

•Euratom'fax'/facsimile/''

•GX7'/'group'of'seven:'GB,'Germany,'Japan,'France,'Canada,'Italy,'Spain/.''

•FORTRAN'/formula'translation/.'

'

Seminar(6.(Phraseological(units.(

Analyze(the(following(phraseological(units(according(to(their(meaning,(structure,(syntactical(

function(and(the(way(they(are(formed:(((

•When'pigs'fly'/never/.''

•To'leap'into'marriage.''

•To'be'a'whipping'boy.''

•To'be'behind'scenes.''

•Girl'Friday'/a'man’s'assistant/.''

•Fire'in'the'belly.''

•Man'Friday'/a'true'friend/.''

•A'dear'John.''

•To'be'on'the'beam.''