- •1. The text has 9 paragraphs. Which paragraph mentions the first controlled flying machine?
- •Types of aircraft
- •1. Name the aircraft you know. Describe them. Try to group them according to their principle of flying.
- •2. Match the keywords with their translations.
- •1. Read the text and check whether your predictions in ex. 2 were correct.
- •2. Read the text and name the vehicles not mentioned at the beginning of the unit.
- •3. Read the text and write out the words and word combinations you don’t know, try to guess their meaning from the context. Compare your notes with your partners. Types of aircraft
- •3. Read the text again and decide if these statements are true or false. Correct the false ones.
- •4. Ask your partner ten questions about types of aircraft.
- •5. Explain the difference between:
- •Vocabulary Focus
- •1. Match the synonyms.
- •2. Make up all possible combinations with the verbs.
- •3. Make up 5 sentences with the word combinations from ex. 2.
- •4. Work in pairs. Give the definitions of the following words and expressions.
- •5. Fill in the gaps with the words & expressions from the box.
- •1. Fill in the diagram with missing information from the text.
- •2. The text has 9 paragraphs. Which paragraph mentions a) different landing devices; b) vehicle flying due to up and down air streams; c) vehicle able to hover in the air?
- •6. Give the English equivalents to the words in the brackets.
- •1. Translate the text in a written form.
- •1. Airplanes have many applications in a variety of fields. Brainstorm as many uses of the airplane as possible.
- •2. Look at the picture of an airplane. Name the airplane components you know, share the terms with your partner.
- •Airplane components
- •1. You have read the text. Fill in the picture with missing terms from the text.
- •3. Read the sentences and decide if they are true (t) or false (f). Correct the false ones.
- •4. Answer the following questions:
- •Vocabulary Focus
- •1. Match the words from a and b. Make as many combinations as possible.
- •2. Find the words in the text that mean:
- •3. Translate the words in brackets:
- •1. Match the beginnings and the endings of the sentences:
- •1. You know that the history of aircraft designing was very long and designers constructed amazing flying machines. Prepare a report about one of them to your group mates.
- •2. Read the text and check whether your answers were correct.
- •3. Read the text and write out the words you don’t know, try to guess their meaning from the context. Compare your notes with your partners. Aircraft and some facts about the flight
- •1. Divide the text into logical parts. Think of the subtitle to each part. Highlight the key words of each part.
- •2. In the text find the definition of lifting force and air resistance.
- •3. Complete the following sentences with suitable words from the text:
- •4. These are the definitions. Guess the terms.
- •5. Agree or disagree with the statements. Use conventional formulae of agreement and disagreement.
- •Vocabulary Focus
- •1. Match the word in column a with the word in column b having a similar meaning. Be careful, there are some extra words in column b.
- •2. Match the antonyms.
- •3. Choose the best alternative to fill the gaps in these sentences.
- •1. Translate the text in a written form.
- •1. Define the main idea of paragraph h. Find the supporting details that help to develop the main idea.
- •2. Complete the sentences with the best options.
- •3. Match the terms with their definitions.
- •4. Read the text again and decide if these statements are true or false.
- •5. These are the answers. What are the questions?
- •Vocabulary Focus
- •1. Match the synonyms.
- •2. Match the antonyms.
- •3. Give the English equivalents to the words in the brackets.
- •4. Translate into English the following words and word combinations.
- •5. Use the prepositions in the box to complete the sentences.
- •1. Look at the picture and predict what kind of aircraft it is. Explain why you think so.
- •2. Translate the text in a written form.
- •Tail Group
- •1. Look at these pictures. These are the types of tail group. Try to predict what types of aircraft they belong to. Share your ideas with your partners.
- •2. Before you read the text answer the following questions:
- •1. Read the text and match the English words with their Russian counterparts.
- •The tail group
- •1. Match the given titles with the corresponding paragraphs. Watch out! There is an extra title.
- •2. Which of the following sentences summarize the main idea of the paragraph e most accurately?
- •3. Guess what it is:
- •4. In the text find the definition of flutter.
- •5. Fill in the gaps using the following words from the box.
- •6. Work in pairs. Make up 5 ”False” and 5 “True” statements and tell them your partner. “False” statements should be corrected.
- •1. Match the beginnings and the endings of the sentences.
- •2. Translate in a written form matching with the picture.
- •1. Work in groups. You are involved in developing of a new airplane. You are responsible for the tail group. Find out some additional information for your topic.
- •1. Divide the text into logical parts. Think of the subtitle to each part.
- •Vocabulary Focus
- •1. Give your own definitions for the words from the text.
- •2. A) Check if you know the meaning of the following verbs.
- •3. Match the synonyms. Watch out! There is an extra word in the column b.
- •4. In the text, find the words with the meaning opposite to these words.
- •5. Choose the best alternative to fill the gaps in these sentences.
- •1. Translate in a written form. Three Axes of an Airplane
- •Power Plant
- •1. Work in pairs. Give a definition of a power plant. Suggest various areas of application for power plants.
- •2. Write down 10 words that may be related to the topic.
- •1. Read the text and match the English words with their Russian counterparts.
- •Power Plant
- •2. Read the text again and write down the words you don’t know. Guess the meaning of the words. Compare them with your partner. If you couldn’t guess, consult a dictionary.
- •5. Explain the terms in your own words.
- •6. Answer the following questions.
- •Vocabulary Focus
- •1. Match words in a with words b to form the word combinations.
- •2. Translate into English.
- •3. Give the English equivalents to the words in the brackets.
- •4. In the text highlight the word and phrases which mean the same as these phrases.
- •1. Translate the text in a written form.
- •1. You are to prepare a report for student’s scientific conference. Proposed topics are:
- •Vocabulary Focus
- •1. Match the word in column a with the word in column b having a similar meaning. Be careful! There are some extra words in column b.
- •2. Find in the text antonyms of the following words.
- •3. A) Check if you know the meaning of the following words.
- •1. Complete the table according to the content of the text.
- •2. Define the main idea of paragraphs d and h.
- •3. Complete the sentences below with suitable words from the box.
- •4. Ask questions to which the following sentences are answers. Remember to use “wh” words: why, what, where, when.
- •5. Give your own definitions for the words from the text.
- •4. Complete the missing part of the table.
- •1. Match the beginnings and the endings of the sentences.
- •1. You are a guide of the museum of aviation. Tell a group of the first-year students about different types of landing gear. You may need some more information.
- •1. In the text find the main function of a) the main rotor b) the tail rotor.
- •2. Make up sentences using word combinations from ex.1.
- •3. Match the synonyms.
- •4. Fill in the table with the proper part of speech derived from the word given.
- •1. Translate in a written form.
- •1. You are to organize transportation of a scientific expedition to the impassable forest. What kind of aircraft will you choose? Give your reasons. Tell your partners about your choice.
- •1. Choose the answer which is the most corresponding with the text information:
- •2. Insert the proper words from the box:
- •3. Divide the text into logical parts. Think of the subtitle to each part. Highlight the key words of each part.
- •4. In the text find the definition of a stress man.
- •5. Answer the questions:
- •Vocabulary Focus
- •1. Match the synonyms and make up word combinations using words from column b.
- •2. Fill in the gaps with the suitable derivative of the word given in brackets.
- •1. Imagine you are a supervisor of a trainee group. Tell them about plane makers and steps of aircraft designing.
- •2. Read the text and check whether your predictions were correct.
- •3. Read the text and write a brief heading for each paragraph. Rockets
- •1. In the text find the definition of: a) rocket; b) multistage rocket; c) rocket equation.
- •2. Explain the difference between stacked staging scheme and parallel staging scheme.
- •3. Define the main idea of paragraphs d and I. Find supporting details that help to develop the main idea.
- •4. Complete the sentences with the best option.
- •5. Work in group. Ask your partners questions concerning the contents of the text.
- •Vocabulary Focus
- •1. A) Match the synonyms.
- •2. In the text find the words with the meaning opposite to these phrases.
- •Final Test
- •1. Look at these words for parts of a plane.
- •Supplementary Reading a new Era for Aircraft
- •Sukhoi Su-47
Sukhoi Su-47
The Sukhoi Su-47 Berkut also designated S-32 and S-37 during initial development, is an experimental supersonic jet fighter developed by Sukhoi Aviation Corporation. A distinguishing feature of the aircraft is its forward-swept wing.
The Su-47 was originally built as Russia's principal testbed for composite materials and sophisticated fly-by-wire control systems. The aircraft makes use of forward-swept wings allowing superb maneuverability and operation at angles of attack up to 45° or more.
TsAGI has long been aware of the advantages of forward-swept wings. Forward-swept wings offer lower wave drag, reduced bending moments, and delayed stall when compared to more traditional wing shapes. Unfortunately, forward sweep also induces twisting (divergence) strong enough to rip the wings off an aircraft built of conventional materials. Only recently have composite materials made the design of aircraft with forward-swept wings feasible.
The Su-47 is of similar dimensions to previous large Sukhoi fighters, such as the Su-35. To reduce development costs, the Su-47 borrowed the forward fuselage, vertical tails, and landing gear of the Su-27 family. Nonetheless, the aircraft includes reduced radar signature features (including radar absorbent materials), an internal weapons bay, and space set aside for an advanced radar.
To solve the problem of wing-twisting, the Su-47 makes use of composite materials carefully designed to resist twisting while still allowing the wing to bend for improved aerodynamic behavior. Due to its comparatively large wingspan, the Su-47 is to be equipped with folding wings, in order to fit inside hangars. Like its immediate predecessor, the Su-37, the Su-47 is of tandem-triplane layout, with canards ahead of wings and tailplanes. Interestingly, the Su-47 has two tailbooms of unequal length outboard of the exhaust nozzles. The shorter boom, on the left-hand side, houses rear-facing RADAR, while the longer boom houses a brake parachute.
The forward-swept midwing gives the unconventional appearance of the Su-47. A substantial part of the lift generated by the forward-swept wing occurs at the inner portion of the wingspan. The lift is not restricted by wingtip stall. The ailerons - the wing's control surfaces - remain effective at the highest angles of attack, and controllability of the aircraft is retained even in the event of airflow separating from the remainder of the wings' surface.
The wing panels are constructed of nearly 90% composites. The forward-swept midwing has a high aspect ratio, which contributes to long-range performance. The leading-edge root extensions blend smoothly to the wing panels, which are fitted with deflectable slats on the leading edge; flaps and ailerons on the trailing edge. The all-moving and small-area trapezoidal canards are connected to the leading-edge root extensions.
The disadvantage of such a wing design is that it produces strong rotational forces that try to twist the wings off, especially at high speeds. This twisting necessitates the use of a large amount of composites in order to increase the strength and durability of the wing. Despite this, the plane was initially limited to Mach 1.6. Recent engineering modifications have raised this limit.
The cockpit's design has focused on maintaining a high degree of comfort for the pilot and also on the pilot being able to control the aircraft in extremely high g-load manoeuvres. The aircraft is equipped with a new ejection seat and life support system. The variable geometry adaptive ejection seat is inclined at an angle of 60°, which reduces the impact of high g forces on the pilot. The seat allows dogfight maneuvers with significantly higher g loadings than can normally be tolerable. The Su-47 pilot uses a side-mounted, low-travel control stick and a tensiometric throttle control.