The radioengineering department has all the necessary facilities for studying and research including laboratories equipped with modern devices, computer classrooms. Students are given every opportunity for acquiring profound knowledge of their future speciality to become highly-qualified and competitive specialists in the most perspective spheres of activity.

VII. Find in the text the equivalents of the following phrases. Suggest another word which could be used instead to give the same meaning:

A very perspective science; contemporary society; the increasing significance of electronics; the industrial tendency; all spheres; to increase industrial automation; the fast development; to require a large number of skilled engineers; to conduct an investigation of the most essential problems; on the base of the main specialities; to get profound knowledge; to quality engineers; to be provided with all indispensable means.

VIII. Ask questions to which the following statements could be answers.

a.Electronics has become a powerful means of progress.

b.Electronics techniques are widely used in industry, in space exploration, in communication, in economics.

c.Highly – qualified specialists in the field of radioelectronics are trained at the radioengineering department of SSAU.

d.Engineers are trained in a number of specialities and specializations to meet the requirements of the modern industrial development.

e.The training of engineers allows to gain profound knowledge in the field of modern radioengineering.

IX. Select in the text the terms associated with the sphere of radioengineering. Try to explain them and use in your own sentences and situations.

X.Express your views on the role of electronics in modern society and its perspectives in future. Do you agree that electronics is one of the most promising sciences and its importance will increase in future? Supply your

opinion with arguments, proofs and facts.

XI. Make a presentation of your department concentrating on the quality of the training, a variety of facilities it provides to attract prospective students.

XII. Read the text and discuss the basic phenomena of electronics.

Electronics

Electronics is the field of science and engineering dealing with the release1, transport, control, collection, and energy conversion of subatomic particles having mass and charge (such as electrons) acting in materials with known electromagnetic properties, e.g., vacuum, gases, or semiconductors. The charged particles are called charge carriers.

The phenomena of electronics depend upon the number of participating charge carries, their dynamic activity, and the properties of the environment in which the charges act. The charge carries are usually electrons, but they may be holes or positive or negative ions. The dynamic activity of charge carriers results from the force and

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recoverable2 energy needed to release them from atoms to produce their displacement3, velocity or acceleration in accordance with the principles of relativistic quantum mechanics. The properties of the environment depend upon the composition, structure and changes in energy levels of atoms composing the substance through which charge carriers pass.

The basic principles of electronics are the same as those of electricity and magnetism. Electricity is any manifestation4 of energy conversion of charge carriers that initiates or yields5 forces producing displacement, velocity or acceleration in the direction of their movement. Magnetism is any manifestation of the kinetic energy of charge carriers arising from or producing forces in a direction perpendicular to their motion. The principles of electronics and electromagnetism are built upon the physical entities6 of mass, length, time, electric charge (or current), temperature, amount of substance and luminous intensity7.

The primary differences between electronics and electromagnetism lie in their applications. Compared with the traditional field of electromagnetism, electronics makes possible devices having much greater degree of control over the instantaneous8, rather than the average, movement of charges during transport, and the control of charges can be exceedingly9 rapid. Active election devices require an external source of power to maintain their electrodes at suitable operating voltages and currents. Electron devices are also, for the most part, nonlinear elements whose output voltages and current are disproportionately related to their input counterparts10. At the expense11 of power from an external supply, many electron devices can provide at their output terminals an amplified version of the voltage, current, or power supplied to their input terminals.

Originally electronics dealt with the conduction of electricity in vacuum or gaseous tubes12. Since the invention of the transistor in 1948 conduction through crystalline semiconductors (solid – state conduction) has virtually13 dominated the field, and thermionic electron tubes have played a role of diminishing14 importance except for applications requiring high power.

Notes to the text

1.release n., v. – о (вы-) свобождение

о(вы-) свобождать

2.recoverable – возместимый, восстанавливаемый

3.displacement – смещение, сдвиг

4.manifestation – проявление, обнаружение

5.to yield – производить; приносить, давать что-либо

6.entity – нечто реально существующее; сущность, существо

7.luminous intensity – сила света

8.instantaneous – мгновенный, моментальный

9.exceedingly – чрезвычайно, крайне

10.counterpart – двойник, копия

11.at the expense – за счет чего-либо, ценою чего-либо

12.gaseous tube – лампа с газовым наполнением

13.virtually – фактически; по существу, на деле 14.diminishing – уменьшающийся, убывающий

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XIII. Find in the text the English equivalents of the following Russian phrases

Высвобождение, перемещение, управление, сбор и преобразование энергии субатомных частиц; материалы с известными электромагнитными свойствами; явления электроники; динамическая активность носителей заряда; принципы релятивистской квантовой механики; состав, структура и изменения энергетических уровней атомов; любое проявление преобразования энергии носителей заряда; физические сущности массы, длины, времени, заряда, температуры, количества вещества и силы света; поддерживать электроды на соответствующем уровне рабочих напряжений и тока; усиленную величину напряжения, тока или мощности, подаваемых на входные терминалы; применения, требующие высокой мощности.

XIV. State if the following problems are discussed in the text.

1.Definition of electronics.

2.Dependence of the phenomena of electronics on the properties of the environment.

3.The properties of charge carriers.

4.Dependence of the environment on the electromagnetic field.

5.The similarity and difference between the basic principles of electronics and electricity and magnetism.

6.Advantages and drawbacks of electron devices.

7.The great importance of thermionic electron tubes in modern electronics.

XV. Divide the text into logical parts and entitle them. Write an outline of the text. Speak on the basic phenomena and basic principles of electronics according to your outline.

XVI. Match the term from the list with corresponding definitions and descriptions given below.

Voltage, electric conduction, charge release, charge transport, energy conversion.

1.Once mobile charges are released from their host material, they may be set into motion and given kinetic energy by means of an applied electric field. A magnetic field can be used to accelerate charge carriers in a direction perpendicular to that of their velocity.

2.The amount of energy per charge between two points, whether due to separation of charges (as in electrostatics) or to changes of energy in dynamic processes. A drop of this value exists when the energy of charges in diminished as charges do work. A value rise exists when the energy of charges in increased by some source of energy that does work on them. The total value rise is equal to the total value drop when values are measured in the same direction around a closed loop.

3.The transmission of charge carriers through, or by means of, electric conductors. The conductors may be in the solid liquid or gaseous state each of which exhibits different mechanisms of charge transfer. The atomic structure of materials greatly influences the facility with which charges can

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