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Prices and Wages in the Byzantine World

837

Olive Trees and Oil

Table 9

Prices for Olive Trees58

Date	Place	Quantity	Price	Price per unit	Source
13th century	Asia	22 olive trees	16 nomismata kaina	2⁄3 hyperpyron	MM 4:201
1231	Asia	18 olive trees	5 hyperpyra	1⁄3–1⁄4 hyperpyron	MM 4:61
1232	Asia	24 olive trees	7 hyperpyra	1⁄3 hyperpyron	MM 4:135
1232	Asia	27 olive trees	8 nomismata hexagia	1⁄3 hyperpyron	MM 4:78
1247	Asia	11 olive trees	7 trikephala	11⁄10 hyperpyra	Vatope´di, 1:
					no.15
1247	Asia	15 olive trees	17 trikephala	11⁄10 hyperpyra	Vatope´di, 1:
					no.15
1259	Asia	11 olive trees	4 hyperpyra hexagia	2⁄5 hyperpyron	MM 4:133
1263	Asia	3 olive trees	3 hyperpyra	1 hyperpyron	MM 4:124
		ﬁeld
1274	Asia	44 olive trees	42 nomismata	1 hyperpyron	MM 4:116
1279	Asia	7 olive trees	5 hyperpyra hexagia	5⁄7 hyperpyron	MM 4:137
1281	Asia	40 olive trees	36 hyperpyra	9⁄10 hyperpyron	MM 4:135
		ﬁeld
1281	Asia	10 olive trees	9 hyperpyra	9⁄10 hyperpyron	MM 4:136
1281	Asia	14 olive trees	10 hyperpyra	2⁄3 hyperpyron	MM 4:122–23
		oaks
1282	Asia	7 olive trees	6 hyperpyra hexagia	6⁄7 hyperpyron	MM 4:130

Table 10

The Price of Oil

				Price of one
				measure of 10
Date	Place	Quantity	Price	liters	Source

?	Egypt	45 xestai	1 nomisma	1⁄2 nomisma	POxy I 1920
6th century	Egypt	1 kentenarion	4 or 5 nomismata	1 nomisma	PLond IV 1375
	Egypt	40 xestai	1 nomisma	1⁄2 nomisma	POxy XIV 1753
579	Egypt	33 xestai (ejlai´on	19 carats	ca. 101⁄2 carats	POxy XIV 2052
		spa´ nion)

					continued

58 Information provided in Schilbach, Metrologie, 260.

838 MORRISSON AND CHEYNET

Table 10 (continued)

				Price of one
				measure of 10
Date	Place	Quantity	Price	liters	Source
7th century	Egypt	80 xestai	40 carats	ca. 9 carats	PBaden 95
6th century	(Hermopolites)	12 xestai	6 carats	ca. 9 carats	PBaden 95
(according		43 xestai	22 carats	ca. 9 carats	PBaden 95
to Gascou)		37 xestai	121⁄2 carats	ca. 6 carats	PBaden 95
743	Constantinople	5 litrai	1 nomisma (very	18 nomismata	Theophanes 1:419
			severe siege)
late 9th	Constantinople	1 litra	1 obol	[1⁄16 nomisma]	Genesios, 4:3459
century				11⁄2 carats
1201	Constantinople	34 migliaia	1,000 hyperpyra	1⁄2 hyperpyron	Morozzo della Rocca
					and Lombardo, 2:
					no. 456
1300	Crete	1 migliaio60	44 hyperpyra	2⁄3 hyperpyron	Pizolo, no. 156
1300	Crete	46 vaxieli	250 hyperpyra	unknown	Pizolo, no. 556
1301–1302	Crete	42 vaxieli	692 hyperpyra	unknown	Brixano, no. 201
1436	Constantinople	1 laina	1 hyperpyron,	22⁄3 hyperpyra	Badoer, 79, 31
			10 carats
1437	Constantinople	133.5 laina	194 hyperpyra	22⁄3 hyperpyra	Badoer, 194, 19
		(Messina)
1438	Constantinople	49.5 laina	55 hyperpyra	12⁄3 hyperpyra	Badoer, 412, 9

Oil Oil prices were always perceptibly higher than those for wine regardless of the period and the quality under consideration.61 The lowest price in the late period would have allowed no more than 20 liters to be purchased for 1 hyperpyron, which corresponds to average prices during the early Byzantine period.62 An olive tree’s productivity depends on its age, on the density of its plantation, and on irrigation. During antiq-

59An exceptionally low price. In fact, one litra at about 0.571 for one “obol,” that is, a follis at 1⁄288 nomisma, would have meant the measure was worth 1⁄16 nomisma.

60One migliaio was worth 683 liters.

61In Diocletian’s Edict on Prices, one may ﬁnd variations on the order of one to four, according to quality.

62Taking the devaluation of the coinage into account, it is one of those rare products that fell in price over the long term, though the regions involved (Egypt, Crete) were very different. In Jerusalem in the 10th century, a ratl of oil (2 kg?) was worth one dirham (Ashtor, Prix et salaires, 248). During times of high prices, 100 kg of oil in 1382 were worth 6 dinars in Alexandria, where imported Greek oil was sold in times of scarcity for 6.5 dinars a quintar, as opposed to 7.5 for Italian oil (ibid., 318).

Prices and Wages in the Byzantine World

839

uity, a tree provided 1–4 liters of oil per year, depending on conditions.63 If we suppose that the most expensive olive trees were also the most productive, this means that an olive tree costing 1 hyperpyron could produce 4 or 5 liters of oil worth at least 1⁄4 or 1⁄5 hyperpyron, for an annual yield of 20–25%, an added bonus being that maintaining the trees was less labor-intensive than work in vineyards, for instance.

Livestock and Animal Produce

Table 11

The Price of Livestock

Date	Type	Price	Source
	Bovidae (cattle)
10th century	cattle	3 nomismata	De cer. 1:695
1067	buffalo	2–3 dinars	Bianquis, Syrie, 585
1155/56	10 cows	1 nomisma	Kinnamos, 15464
late 12th century	pair of oxen	7 hyperpyra	Iviron, 2:9
1271	draft ox	9 hyperpyra	MM 4:403
1271	cattle	16 hyperpyra	Scardon, no. 196
1271	cattle	131⁄2 hyperpyra	Scardon, no. 306
1271	cattle	55 hyperpyra	Scardon, no. 307
1278/81	cattle	15–20 hyperpyra	Marcello, nos. 327, 337, 559
1290	cow about to calve	5 hyperpyra	Lavra, 2: no.87
1290	cow and calf	10 hyperpyra	Lavra, 2: no. 88
1300	cattle	16–20 hyperpyra	Pizolo, nos. 47, 108, 120,
			121, 215, 216
early 14th century	cattle	10 hyperpyra	Diegesis
1321	ox	4 hyperpyra	Zographou, no. 19
	Ovidae (sheep)
7th–8th centuries	ewe	1⁄2–1⁄3 nomisma	Plond IV 1447, 144865
11th century	sheep	1⁄6 nomisma	Schilbach, Quellen, 6066
11th century	lamb	1⁄10 nomisma	Schilbach, Quellen, 60
1155/56	sheep	1⁄13 of one cow	Kinnamos, 154
1278	sheep	1⁄2 hyperpyron	Tsirpanlis, 153, no. 26

continued

63Average ﬁgure, taking into account the fact that the trees produce every two years. Cf. La production du vin et de l’huile en Me´diterrane´e, ed. M.-C. Amouretti and J.-P. Brun ( BCH, suppl., 26) (Athens, 1993), 553–54.

64Very low price, the result of a massive inﬂux of animals following the spate of pillages in southern Italy.

65And PLond IV 1375.

66This was a ﬁscal estimate, which could not have been very different from the market price.

840 MORRISSON AND CHEYNET

Table 11 (continued)

Date	Type	Price	Source
1278/81	sheep	2⁄5 hyperpyron	Marcello, nos. 291 and 326
1292	sheep (Constantinople)	7⁄8 hyperpyron	Embassy of Edward I
1292	lamb (Trebizond)	1⁄3–2⁄5 hyperpyron	Embassy of Edward I
1300	ewe in lamb	1⁄3 hyperpyron	Pizolo, nos. 478, 623, 662
1302	ewe	2⁄5 hyperpyron	Brixano, 248 and 403
early 14th century	sheep	1 hyperpyron	Diegesis
early 14th century	lamb	3⁄5 hyperpyron	Diegesis
	Capridae (goats)
1292	goat	8 carats	Embassy of Edward I
	Porcidae (pigs)
early 5th century	pig	1⁄2 solidus	PL 41:841
7th–8th centuries	pig	2⁄3–1 nomisma	PLond IV 1448, 13–33
1199	pig	2 hyperpyra, 4	Mu¨ller, Documenti, 78a
		keratia
1292	piglet	1⁄8–1⁄3 hyperpyron	Embassy of Edward I67
April 1438	pig ( various)	32⁄3 hyperpyra	Badoer, 280, 39
	Equidae (horses)
late 4th century	horse for army	18–23 solidi	Jones68
4th–5th centuries	donkey	3 solidi	POxy 1905
6th–7th centuries	donkey	3–8 solidi	POxy 922
late 6th century	donkey	3 solidi	PG 87:2968
749	“horse at 60 solidi”	12 nomismata	Farfa 2: no. 2469
10th century	mule	15 nomismata	De cer., 1:458/459
10th century	draft horse	12 nomismata	De cer., 1:458/459
early 12th century	mule	17 hyperpyra	Iviron, 2:7
late 12th century	mule	15 hyperpyra	Iviron, 2:9
early 12th century	donkey	21⁄6 hyperpyra	Chomatianos, no. 84
1245	“horse at 180 aspra”	15 hyperpyra	Vazeloˆn, no. 84
	[1⁄12 hyperpyron?]

			continued

67The only price for pork provided by Ashtor (Prix et salaires, 315) is 1⁄2 ducat in 1484.

68A. H. M. Jones, The Later Roman Empire, 284–602: A Social, Economic, and Administrative Survey, 3 vols. (Oxford, 1964), 1:625–26. This was the commuted price for horses intended for the army and supplied by Numidia, the horse-breeding region.

69“Cavallos VI pro solidos LX et aurum coctum pensans solidos CCCXI.” If solidi struck in Rome at a title of ca. 20% at this date are intended, the value corresponds to that given in De ceremoniis aulae byzantinae, ed. J. J. Reiske, 2 vols. (Bonn, 1829–30).

	Prices and Wages in the Byzantine World			841
		Table 11
	(continued)

Date	Type	Price	Source
1270/74	mule	3 hyperpyra	Xe`ropotamou, no. 9
1276	warhorse	20 hyperpyra	Thiriet, De´libe´rations, 1:38
		(Crete)70
1289	warhorse	72 hyperpyra	Thiriet, De´libe´rations, 1:58
1289	warhorse	90 hyperpyra	Thiriet, De´libe´rations, 1:58
1300	horse	20 hyperpyra	Pizolo, no. 428
1300	horse	25 hyperpyra	Pizolo, no. 522
1300	horse	33 hyperpyra	Pizolo, no. 534
1300/1302	packhorse	16 hyperpyra	Brixano, no. 75
1300/1302	horse	65–91 hyperpyra	Brixano, nos. 126, 157, 229
1300/1302	horse	60 hyperpyra	Brixano, no. 357
1321	horse	16 hyperpyra	Chilandar, no. 59
1321	horse	12 hyperpyra	Chilandar, no. 69
1384	horse	14 hyperpyra	Docheiariou, no. 49, 1.34
1384	parhippin (draft horse)	6 hyperpyra	Docheiariou, no. 49, 1.34
1413	warhorse	90 hyperpyra	Thiriet, De´libe´rations,
		(Crete)	2:1505
1419/26	female mule	70–88 hyperpyra	Malte´zou, 341
		(Crete)
1436	bay horse belonging to	30–40 hyperpyra	Badoer, 81, 17; 82, 11
	Badoer
1438	the same, sold	21 hyperpyra 18	Badoer, 374, 13; 377, 2
		carats
1438	gray horse belonging to	60 hyperpyra	Badoer, 355, 2
	Badoer
1438	the same, sold with	36 hyperpyra	Badoer, 763, 13–14
	saddle, cloth, etc.

The accounts drawn up by the embassy that Edward I sent to the Ilkhan of Persia provide a few supplementary prices for poultry. When in Constantinople, the English travelers procured a hare for 31⁄3 carats, a swan for 8 carats, a duck for 3 carats, a partridge for 2 carats, some chickens for 21⁄3 carats each,71 and some geese for 91⁄3 carats each. Geese were a little less expensive at Trebizond (5–8 carats).

Livestock prices developed along the same lines as other prices, with a rise at the start of the fourteenth century. Cattle were expensive, but their price also varied according to region. In Macedonia, near Thessalonike, they were cheaper than in Crete,

70Feudatories in Crete were not supposed to own a horse worth less than 20 hyperpyra.

71PLond IV 1375 and 1414 give a price of 1⁄20 nomisma per chicken.

842 MORRISSON AND CHEYNET

Table 12

Prices for Animal Products

Date	Place	Quantity	Price	Source
Meat
301	empire	1 pound	12 denarii (1 pound 1⁄83	Edict on Prices
			solidus)
after 430	Egypt	1 pound	1⁄114 solidi	PAmst I 77
May 1439	Constantinople	1 cantar of salt meat	3 hyperpyra (1 pound	Badoer, 324, 651, 2
		(pork)	3⁄100 hyperpyron)
Fish
12th century	Constantinople	10–12 mackerel	1 “follis” ( tetarteron)	Tzetzes, Ep. 57
12th century	Constantinople	8 or 9 small tunny ﬁsh	1 follis (minimum price)	Theodore
				Prodromos72
1436	Amisos	2 bote (barrels) of	331⁄4 hyperpyron	Badoer, 88, 13
		mackerel prior to	salt 3 hyperpyra 1
		salting or 19 mieri (at	carat. Wholesale price
		1 hyperpyron 18
		carats for 1 miere)
1437	Constantinople	1 bota of 1,170 salted	purchased 16 hyperpyra	Badoer, 117, 2
		mullet	14 carats 1 mullet
			1⁄70 hyperpyron 23⁄4
			tornese
1437	Amisos	1 bota of 6,000 salted	est. 20 hyperpyra 19	Badoer, 334, 13–14
		mackerel	carats 1 mackerel
			1⁄288 hyperpyron 2
			folari
Cheese
1278/81	Crete	1,000 pounds	23 hyperpyra	Marcello, no. 129
1278/81	Crete	700 pounds ( 300	19 hyperpyra	Marcello, no. 93
		pounds of wool)
1300	Crete	1,000 pounds	17 hyperpyra	Pizolo, nos. 170,
				332
1300	Crete	1,000 pounds	19 hyperpyra	Pizolo, no. 617
1301	Crete	180 pounds	2 hyperpyra	Brixano, no. 420
1388	Crete	100 pounds	51 hyperpyra	Santschi,
				Me´moriaux, no.
				1223

continued

72 Poe`mes prodromiques en grec vulgaire, ed. D.-C. Hesseling and H. Pernot (Amsterdam, 1910), 3:

v.269–72.

Prices and Wages in the Byzantine World

843

Table 12 (continued)

Date	Place	Quantity	Price	Source
Wool
1300	Crete	500 pounds	6 hyperpyra 7 grossi	Pizolo, no. 16
1300	Crete	1,000 pounds	13 hyperpyra	Pizolo, no. 170
Hides, Cattle
1281	?	200 hides	165 hyperpyra	Bratianu, Notaires,
				no. 67
1281	?	13 hides	10 hyperpyra	Bratianu, Notaires,
				no. 98
1289	Kaffa	100 pounds of hides	66–73 asperi	Balard, Outre-mer,
				1: nos. 366, 367,
				etc.
1352	Crete	100 pounds (buffalo)	18 hyperpyra	Zaccharia de Fredo,
				no. 15
1352	Crete	100 pounds	101⁄2 hyperpyra	Zaccharia de Fredo,
				no. 102
1352	Crete	100 pounds73	9 hyperpyra	Zaccharia de Fredo,
				no. 104
1352	Crete	100 pounds	10 hyperpyra	Zaccharia de Fredo,
				no. 111
Hides, Sheep
1271	Crete	60 hides	4 hyperpyra	Scardon, no. 37
1271	Crete	50 hides	31⁄2 hyperpyra	Scardon, no. 72
1271	Crete	50 lambskins	2 hyperpyra	Scardon, no. 140
Hides,
Various
1289	Kaffa	1,000 vair skins	2,400 asperi	Balard, Outre-mer,
				1: nos. 53 and
				132
1290	Kaffa	1 dyed goatskin	9 asperi barichati	Balard, Outre-mer,
				1: no. 893
Silk
1020	Italy	1 pound raw silk	21⁄2 dinars	Guillou74

continued

73Given that the contract provided for delivery of 41 hides weighing 600 pounds, we deduce that one hide weighed ca. 15 pounds and was worth 11⁄2 hyperpyra.

74A. Guillou, “Production and Proﬁts in the Byzantine Province of Italy (Tenth to Eleventh Centuries): An Expanding Society,” DOP 28 (1974): 94 n. 8, according to the Cairo Geniza documents.

844 MORRISSON AND CHEYNET

Table 12 (continued)

Date	Place	Quantity	Price	Source
1289	Sougdaia	1 pound genoese	4 hyperpyra	Balard, Outre mer,
				1: nos. 118, 151,
				152
1300	Crete	1 pound	4 hyperpyra 8 grossi	Pizolo, no. 296
1300	Crete	4 pounds 1 ounce	18 hyperpyra 18 grossi	Pizolo, no. 470
1300/1302	Crete	1 pound	3 hyperpyra 4 grossi	Brixano, no. 61
1300/1302	Crete	2 pounds 1 saco	8 hyperpyra 1 grosso	Brixano, no. 150
1300/1302	Crete	2 pounds	7 hyperpyra	Brixano, nos. 319
				and 563
1352	Crete	10 pounds	55 hyperpyra	Zaccharia de Fredo,
				no. 35
1381	Peloponnese	1 pound	6 hyperpyra	Jacoby75
1436/37	Trebizond	1 pound “stravai” or	153 asperi 41⁄4	Badoer, 42, 19;
		“talani” silk	hyperpyra	308, 29
1437	Constantinople	1 pound “lezi” silk	41⁄2 hyperpyra	Badoer, 166, 36
1437	Constantinople	1 pound “talani” silk	41⁄3 hyperpyra	Badoer, 166,39

which, when we compare the natural conditions, was only normal. Sheep were worth twenty or twenty-ﬁve times less than cattle. The few pig prices from the medieval period show that these were fairly expensive animals, given that they had no use apart from being butchered. Horses were quite another matter, since their value depended on how they were used. Draft horses could be found for 10 hyperpyra or more, whereas warhorses or parade horses were worth more than 50 hyperpyra, though no prices have been found to compare with those offered by Arab amirs for exceptional horses.76 Note that the price of warhorses in the fourth century is not perceptibly different from that for similar animals during the Palaiologan period. The accounts of Edward I’s embassy in 1292 suggest that prices for provisions were lower in a small provincial town such as Trebizond than in the capital.

Conclusion

While the gross return on capital invested in agricultural enterprises seems to have been high, it is difﬁcult to calculate the level of net revenues when we know little about the amounts invested by the peasants. However, we can say that in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, a Cretan who wanted to possess a pair of oxen paid the equiva-

75D. Jacoby, “Silk Production in the Frankish Peloponnese: The Evidence of Fourteenth-Century Surveys and Reports,” in Travellers and Ofﬁcials in the Peloponnese: Descriptions, Reports, Statistics. In Honor of Sir Steven Runciman (Monemvasia, 1994), 56.

76An Iraqi amir’s horse was worth 1,000 dinars; Ashtor, Prix et salaires, 60.

Prices and Wages in the Byzantine World

845

lent of 150 measures of wheat (about 30 hyperpyra). When the beasts died, he recovered their hides, worth 2 hyperpyra. We also know the price of a plowshare: in 1352 Nicholas Syrianos ordered 100 plowshares (vomerii) from ironworkers in Candia, each to weigh between 5 and 6 pounds. Given that 100 pounds of worked iron cost as much as 14 hyperpyra 8 grossi, the price of one plowshare can be calculated as 1 hyperpyron.77 Unfortunately, we do not know how many modioi of land this type of plowshare was capable of plowing.

Prices for Nonagricultural Products

Prices Paid for People

Table 13

Ransoms for Persons of Rank and for Common People

Persons of Rank

Date	Person/Place	Status	Price	Source
528	Constantiolos	magister militum	10,000 nomismata	Malalas, 438
614–615	Palestine	“200 men and	12,000 nomismata	Vie S. Jean l’Aum, §9
		women”	(60 each)
ca. 806	Cyprus	archbishop	2,000 dinars	al-Tabari, 30:262
925	Oria/Apulia	governor	5,000 dinars	Sharf 78
998	Antioch	son of Dalassenos	6,000 dinars	Canard79
1014	Aleppo	Mansur b. Lulu	50,000 dinars	Bianquis, Syrie, 31780
1032	Antioch	axiarch	500 dinars	Yahya of Antioch, PO
				47:350–51
1066	Edessa	doux of the city	20,000 nomismata	Bar Hebraeus, 217–18
ca. 1073	Isaac Komnenos	doux of Antioch	thousands of nomismata	Bryennios, 155
ca. 1075	Isaac Komnenos	doux of Antioch	20,000 nomismata	Bryennios, 207
after 1081	G. Maurokatakalon	doux	40,000 hyperpyra	Alexiade, 2:84

continued

77Zaccharia de Fredo, notaio in Candia (1352–1357), ed. A. Lombardo (Venice, 1968), no. 22. We also know the price of raw iron. A blacksmith who had to manufacture plowshares purchased 1,047 pounds of iron at a price of 70 hyperpyra per 100 pounds (ibid., no. 44, price conﬁrmed in no. 49 and by another Cretan document of 1368: Santschi, Crete, no. 70; 75 hyperpyra per 100 pounds). We note that the value added by the craftsman’s labor was twice the price of the primary materials. Furthermore, we note that a small axe for splitting wood was worth 2⁄3 hyperpyron in 1438 (G. Badoer, Il libro dei conti di Giacomo Badoer, ed. U. Dorini and T. Bertele` (Rome, 1956), p. 280, 40).

78A. Sharf, “Shabbetai Donnolo as a Byzantine Jewish Figure,” in Jews and Other Minorities in Byzantium (in Hebrew) (Jerusalem, 1995), 162.

79M. Canard, “Les sources arabes de l’histoire byzantine aux conﬁns des Xe et XIe sie`cles,” REB 19 (1961): 300.

80To this sum were added 120 pounds of silver metal (in pounds of Aleppo) and 500 items of clothing.

846 MORRISSON AND CHEYNET

Table 13 (continued)

Date	Person/Place	Status	Price	Source
ca. 1100	Bohemond	prince of Antioch	100,000 besants	Albert of Aix, RHC,
				HOcc, 612
before 1118	C. Gabras	doux of Chaldia	30,000 hyperpyra	Bar Hebraeus, 249
1119	Arbantenos	strategos?	15,000 besants	Orderic Vitalis81
mid-12th century	unknown	son of a wali	2,000 dinars	Usa¯mah, trans. Hitti,
				10982
1183	Isaac Komnenos	doux of Cyprus	30,000 besants	Rudt de Collenberg83
1185	Eustathios	metropolitan of	4,000 hyperpyra	Eustathios of
		Thessalonike		Thessalonike84
ca. 1200	M. Kamytzes	doux	14,400 hyperpyra	Choniates, 533
ca. 1300	Notaras	sebastokrator	6,050 hyperpyra	Brixano, no. 215
late 14th century	anonymous	son of sultan	100,000 hyperpyra	Gregoras, 3:505
2d half of 14th	anonymous	governor of	10,000 gold pieces	Me´likoff-Sayar, Destan,
century		Adrianople		105
Common People

Date	Person/Place		Price	Source

447	prisoners redeemed from Attila		8–12 solidi	Priscos, FHG, 1:277
late 6th century	ransom for a monk captured in Egypt		25 nomismata	Moschos, PG
				87.3:2796–97
late 6th century	ransom for 12,000 prisoners of the		1 nomisma, reduced	John of Antioch, frg.
	Avars		to 1⁄6	106
966	3,000 soldiers redeemed by Sayf ad		80 dinars each	Yahya, PO 18:803
	Dawla
1010	man of Macedonia, prisoner of the		15 nomismata	Iviron, 1: no. 16
	Arabs
1369	3 prisoners of the Turks		25–90 ducats	Santschi, Cre`te, no. 170.

There are two quite distinct levels. Common people were redeemed in accordance with their abilities, for a few tens of gold pieces at most, in the period spanning antiquity and the end of the empire. Their price was on a par with that of slaves. Ransoms

81Cited by P. Gautier, “L’obituaire du typicon du Pantocrator,” REB 27 (1969): 261.

82By way of comparison, the ransom for a Bedouin amounted to 50 gold pieces.

83Isaac was ﬁnally freed for twice this sum; see Rudt de Collenberg, “La Damsel de Chypre,”

Byzantion 38 (1968): 133–34; repr. in Familles de l’Orient latin XIIe–XIVe sie`cle (London, 1983), art. 1.

84The metropolitan found that the Normans were demanding 4,000 gold coins on the pretext that his metropolis had an income of 100 kentenaria ( 72,000 hyperpyra) (Eustathios of Thessalonike,

Espugnazione, 108).

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