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Prices and Wages in the Byzantine World

847

for high-ranking persons, however, were reckoned in thousands, even tens of thousands of gold pieces, in line with their personal wealth or their importance to the state. There appears to have been some inﬂation in prices from the eleventh century on, though antiquity is, admittedly, represented by only one ﬁgure.

Table 14

Prices for Slaves

Date	Place	Person	Price	Source85
Tenth Century
944	empire	Russian fugitive	20 nomismata	Antoniade`s-Bibicou
962	Aleppo	Arab adult male	36 nomismata	Kamal ad din86
962	Aleppo	Arab adult female	20 dinars	Kamal ad din
962	Aleppo	young Arab, male or	16 dinars	Kamal ad din
		female
before 963	empire	lost slave	6 nomismata 4	Antoniade`s-Bibicou
			miliaresia
962	eastern frontier	Greek adult male	30 dinars	Antoniade`s-Bibicou
962	eastern frontier	adolescent male or	15 dinars	Antoniade`s-Bibicou
		female
before 1000	eastern frontier	Muslim prisoner	331⁄3 dinars	Muqqadasi87
Eleventh Century
11th century	Syria	young girl	2 dinars	Bianquis, Syrie, 585
			(abundance)
before 1050	empire	slave	20 nomismata	Peira, Zepos, Jus,
				4:83–84
before 1059	East	slavewoman	400 nomismata	Will of Boilas
1059	Ephesos	slave	24 nomismata	Grumel88
Twelfth Century
1134	southern Italy	affranchisement	13 nosmimata of	Trinchera, 513
			Michael VII
before 1200	empire	any slave	1 pound of	Rhalles and Potles,
			hyperpyra	Su´ntagma, 2:500

				continued

85Unless stated otherwise, references to slave prices prior to the 13th century are derived from H. Antoniade`s-Bibicou, “De´mographie, salaires et prix au XIe sie`cle,” AnnalesESC 27 (1972): 227–29.

86Cited in Leonis Diaconi Caloe¨nsis Historiae libri X, ed. C. B. Hase (Bonn, 1828), 393. The prices are expressed in “denarii romani,” i.e., nomismata.

87La meilleure re´partition pour la connaissance des provinces, trans. A. Miquel (Damascus, 1983) 209.

88V. Grumel, Les regestes des actes du patriarcat de Constantinople, vol. 1.3 (Paris, 1989), no. 887.

848 MORRISSON AND CHEYNET

Table 14 (continued)

Date	Place	Person	Price	Source
Thirteenth Century
1281	Pera	slavegirl (age 10)	14 hyperpyra	Bratianu, Notaires,
				no. 69
1281	Pera	white slavewoman	31 hyperpyra	Bratianu, Notaires,
				no. 87
1281	Pera	white slave	23 hyperpyra	Bratianu, Notaires,
				no. 88
1281	Pera	slavegirl (age 12)	25 hyperpyra	Bratianu, Notaires,
				no. 100
1281	Pera	freed slave	17 hyperpyra	Bratianu, Notaires,
				no. 114
1281	Pera	slave (age 12)	28 hyperpyra	Bratianu, Notaires,
				no. 115
1281	Pera	Abkhazi slavewoman	28 hyperpyra	Bratianu, Notaires,
				no. 120
1281	Pera	white slavewoman	29 hyperpyra	Bratianu, Notaires,
				no. 126
1281	Pera	boy (age 6–7)	6 hyperpyra 12	Bratianu, Notaires,
			carats	no. 132
1281	Pera	boy (age 6–7)	20 hyperpyra	Bratianu, Notaires,
				no. 143
1281	Pera	slavegirl (age 5–6)	7 hyperpyra	Bratianu, Notaires,
				no. 144
1281	Pera	boy (age 8–9)	16 hyperpyra	Bratianu, Notaires,
				no. 148
1289/90	Kaffa	slave	25–40 hyperpyra	Balard, Outre-mer,
				1: (average)
1297	Ragusa	slave	22 hyperpyra	Krekic´, no. 49
Fourteenth Century
1300	Crete	slavewoman	18 hyperpyra	Pizolo, no. 173
1300	Crete	slave	24 hyperpyra	Pizolo, no. 340
			(affranchisement)
1300	Crete	slave	20 hyperpyra	Pizolo, no. 349
1300	Crete	2 affranchised slaves	80 and 50	Pizolo, nos. 448,
			hyperpyra	449
1300	Crete	3 Turkish slaves	65 hyperpyra for	Pizolo, no. 539
			all 3
1300–1302	Crete	a batch	18–22 hyperpyra	Brixano, nos.
				264–72

continued

Prices and Wages in the Byzantine World

849

Table 14 (continued)

Date	Place	Person	Price	Source
1317	Crete	Greek slave	11 hyperpyra	Rubio´ i Lluch, 107
1350	Constantinople	Tatar slavewoman	49 hyperpyra	Italiens `a Byzance,
				115
1350	Constantinople	Tatar slave	26 hyperpyra	Italiens `a Byzance,
				126
1350	Constantinople	Tatar slavewoman	60 hyperpyra	Italiens `a Byzance,
				131
1350	Constantinople	Tatar slave	361⁄2 hyperpyra	Italiens `a Byzance,
				132
1350	Constantinople	Tatar slavewoman	63 hyperpyra	Italiens `a Byzance,
				132
1350	Constantinople	Tatar slavewoman	55 hyperpyra	Italiens `a Byzance,
				133
1350	Constantinople	slavewoman	63 hyperpyra	Italiens `a Byzance,
				135
1350	Constantinople	Tatar slavewoman	50 hyperpyra	Italiens `a Byzance,
				136
1350	Constantinople	Tatar slavewoman	45 hyperpyra	Italiens `a Byzance,
				136
1350	Constantinople	Tatar slavewoman	36 hyperpyra	Italiens `a Byzance,
				137
1350	Constantinople	Tatar slavewoman	40 hyperpyra	Italiens `a Byzance,
				137
1350	Constantinople	Tatar slavewoman	42 hyperpyra	Italiens `a Byzance,
				139
1350	Constantinople	Tatar slavewoman	32 ﬂorins	Italiens `a Byzance,
				139
1350	Constantinople	2 Tatar slavewomen	99 hyperpyra	Italiens `a Byzance,
				140
1350	Constantinople	Tartar slave	27 hyperpyra	Italiens `a Byzance,
				143
1350	Constantinople	Tatar slavegirl (age 10)	48 gold hyperpyra	Balard, Outre-mer,
				2: no. 10
1360	Kilia	Tartar and other slave	24–60 hyperpyra	Balard, Outre-mer,
		girls (aged 12–20)		2: nos. 17, 50, 56
1360/61	Cyprus	slaves	25–30 hyperpyra	Boateriis (average)
1357/63	Cyprus	Turkish slave	90 besants	Richard89

continued

89 J. Richard, “Les comptes du collecteur apostolique en Chypre (1357–1363),” Epethrij`" tou' Ke´n- trou Episthmonikw'njErwnw'nj13/16 (1984–87): 1–47.

850 MORRISSON AND CHEYNET

Table 14 (continued)

Date	Place	Person	Price	Source
1357/63	Cyprus	Greek slave	123 besants 12	Richard
			denarii
1362	Constantinople	slavewoman	70 hyperpyra	Italiens `a Byzance, 94
1362	Constantinople	slavewoman	52 hyperpyra	Italiens `a Byzance, 94
1362	Constantinople	slave	50 hyperpyra	Italiens `a Byzance, 94
1381	Crete	slavewoman (average)	96 hyperpyra	Verlinden90
1381	Crete	slave (average)	64 hyperpyra	Verlinden
1382	Crete	slavewoman (average)	95 hyperpyra	Verlinden
1382	Crete	slave (average)	71 hyperpyra	Verlinden
1383	Crete	slavewoman (average)	95 hyperpyra	Verlinden
1383	Crete	slave (average)	90 hyperpyra	Verlinden
1390	Pera	emancipation of	50 hyperpyra	Italiens `a Byzance,
		slavewoman		37
before 1400	Ragusa	slave	120–150	Krekic´,
			hyperpyra91	“Contributo”
Fifteenth Century
1436/37	Constantinople	slavewoman	100 hyperpyra	Badoer, 90, 13
		Abkhazi slavewoman	(91 hyperpyra)	Badoer, 90, 13
1436/37	Constantinople	slave	70–90 hyperpyra	Badoer, passim
		Tatar slave	(82 hyperpyra)	Badoer, 91, 6–7
		Russian slave	(88 hyperpyra 14	Badoer, 578, 3
			carats)
		Tatar slave	(100 hyperpyra)	Badoer, 272, 26
1443	Pera	Tatar adult male	98 hyperpyra	Roccatagliata,
				1: no. 12
1443	Pera	Greek adult male	2,200 asperi	Roccatagliata,
				1: no. 53

When one takes the devaluation of the hyperpyron into account, slave prices are seen to have remained remarkably stable from the Justinianic period until the beginning of the fourteenth century. This stability was all the more remarkable in that these prices were the outcome of a real market, partly international in nature. Prices subsequently rose, particularly after 1350, perhaps due to the effect of the plague on the population, despite the pirate warfare in which Turks and Latins were actively engaged.

90All these references are derived from C. Verlinden, L’esclavage dans L’Europe me´die´vale (Ghent, 1977), 2:840–68.

91B. Krekic´, “Contributo allo studio degli schiavi levantini e balcanici a Venezia (1388–1398),” in

Studi in memoria di Federigo Melis, vol. 2 (Naples, 1978).

	Prices and Wages in the Byzantine World			851
Prices of Luxury Products
	Table 15
	Prices of Luxury Products and Movable Goods

Date	Type of Object	Price	Source
Clothes
late 6th century	silk clothes	72 solidi	John of Ephesos, chap. 55,
			PO 19:193
early 7th century	cover	36 solidi	Vie S. Jean l’Aum., chap. 19
940	purple belts and imitations	11⁄3, 1, and 2⁄3	De cer., 470 (App.)
		nomismata
940	silk tunics (dwdeka` pwla,	12–6 nomismata	De cer., 1:473 and Book of the
	deka´ lia, eJzalia, eJza´ hwla)		Eparch, chap. 8
1022	veil with silver clasp	2 gold pieces	Mastaura, 124
1022	one cover and one cloak	1 gold piece	Mastaura, 124
1022	two women’s dresses	1 gold piece	Mastaura, 124
1022	embroidered woman’s	2 gold pieces	Mastaura, 124
	gown (?)
1057	coat presented to the abbey	100 pounds of	Guillou, 10992
	of Farfa	silver
	scaramangion embroidered	20 nomismata	Petrucci, Codice diplomatico,
	with gold thread		no. 79
1199	gray surcoat	62⁄3 hyperpyra	Mu¨ller, Documenti, 77a
1199	fustano (one or several?) for	4 hyperpyra 20	Mu¨ller, Documenti, 77b
	squires	carats
early 13th century	3 silk caftans	72 hyperpyra	Chomatianos, no. 19
early 13th century	a tzo´ca	50 hyperpyra	Chromatianos, no. 19
early 13th century	saffron-colored garments	10 hyperpyra	Chomatianos, no. 84
early 13th century	a coat and a saffron-colored	6 hyperpyra	Chomatianos, no. 84
	garment
early 13th century	a coat and a small hat	41⁄6 hyperpyra	Chomatianos, no. 84
13th century	a woolen coat	several hyperpyra	Karpozilos
13th century	a coat from Trebizond with	12 nomismata	Karpozilos
	fur trimming
1272	Sandals (kaligia)	2 aspra	Vazeloˆn, no. 86, p. 50
1272	caftan	12 aspra	Vazeloˆn, no. 86, p. 50

continued

92 Argyros, duke of Italy, offered the abbey of Farfa a precious coat, made entirely of silk shot with gold thread (holosericum auroque textum) worth more than 100 pounds of very ﬁne silver: Il Chronicon Farfense di Gregorio di Catino, cited in Guillou, “Production and Proﬁts,” 109.

852 MORRISSON AND CHEYNET

Table 15 (continued)

Date	Type of Object	Price	Source
1292	a wolfskin pelisse	4 hyperpyra 12	Embassy of Edward I
		carats
1292	a rabbitskin pelisse	2 hyperpyra	Embassy of Edward I
1292	a red fur	6 hyperpyra	Embassy of Edward I
1292	a lambskin fur	1 hyperpyron 12	Embassy of Edward I
		carats
1292	4 sheets	5 hyperpyra 15	Embassy of Edward I
		carats
1292	a pair of common shoes	17 carats	Embassy of Edward I
14th century	some shoes	4 ducats	Schreiner, Finanz, no. 3,
			§ 136
1292	a pair of shoes for a	1 hyperpyron 15	Embassy of Edward I
	chaplain	carats
1292	shoes	8–22 carats	Embassy of Edward I
1292	boots for a cook	9 carats	Embassy of Edward I
1300	a chlamyda	14 hyperpyra	Pizolo, no. 258
14th century	two garments	12 ducats	Schreiner, Finanz, no. 3,
			§ 136
14th century	garment (tsou'pa)	40 hyperpyra	Schreiner, Finanz, no. 8, § 2
14th century	linen garment (kaba´ dh")	7 hyperpyra	Schreiner, Finanz, no. 8, § 2
1365	a new tsou'paand a new	3 hyperpyra	Ferrari, “Vatican,” 265
	fousta´ nh
1384	a silk fusta´ nion	6 hyperpyra	Docheiariou, no. 49, l. 17
1384	2 roucha	18 hyperpyra	Docheiariou, no. 49, l. 17
1394	ambassador’s garment	50 gold ducats	Thiriet, Re´gestes, 2:77
	(Mistra)
1424	a dress (tsou'pa)	10 hyperpyra	Schreiner, Finanz, no. 35, § 4
1436	a hat (bereta negra) from	6 hyperpyra	Badoer, 280, 9; 329, 5
	near Venice
1436	cloth for a coat (Badoer)	33 hyperpyra	Badoer, 13, 23
1436	a black coat (Bragadin)	15 hyperpyra	Badoer, 53, 5
1437	making a coat (Badoer)	4 hyperpyra	Badoer, 280, 23
1438	100 panze for its fur trim	8 hyperpyra	Badoer, 485, 25
1439	for having it lined	6 hyperpyra	Badoer, 716, 8–9
1437	cloth and sewing for 5 shirts	51⁄2 hyperpyra	Badoer, 346, 22–25
	for slaves	(1 11⁄10
		hyperpyra)
	1 shirt each at	1 hyperpyron 6	Badoer, 346, 31
		carats

continued

Prices and Wages in the Byzantine World

853

Table 15 (continued)

Date	Type of Object	Price	Source
1437	14 pichi of cloth for 3 shirts	2 hyperpyra (1	Badoer, 273, 31
	for slaves	1 hyperpyron)
1437	3 pelize, 3 sciavine ( jackets),	13 hyperpyra (for	Badoer, 272, 32
	3 pairs of shoes for slaves	one slave 41⁄3
		hyperpyra)
1438	1 peliza, 1 sciavina ( jacket),	3 hyperpyra 15	Badoer, 362, 13
	1 bereta, and 1 pair of shoes	carats
	for slavegirl (age 12)
1439	1 sciavina, 1 gonela, and	2 hyperpyra 15	Badoer, 624, 7
	1 pair of shoes for slave	carats
	(age 13)
1453	3 coats (marten, fox)	230 hyperpyra of	Roccatagliata, 1: no. 35
		Pera
Household Goods93
1022	small cauldron	1 gold piece	Mastaura, 124
1365	cauldron	1 hyperpyron	Ferrari, “Vatican,” 265
1022	cooking pot with feet	1 gold piece	Mastaura, 124
1384	2 cooking pots	4 hyperpyra	Docheiariou, no. 49, l. 30
1292	kitchen knife	6 carats	Embassy of Edward I
1384	3 wine carafes	2 hyperpyra	Docheiariou, no. 49, l. 30
1384	mortar and vase	2 hyperpyra	Docheiariou, no. 49, l. 31
1384	one new and one worn	5 and 9	Docheiariou, no. 49, l. 31
	carpet	hyperpyra
1300–1302	featherbed	20 hyperpyra	Brixano, no. 449
1393	featherbed	25 hyperpyra	Santschi, Cre`te, no. 1425
14th century	bedcover	20 hyperpyra	Schreiner, Finanz, no. 8, § 2
15th century	2 bedcovers	28 and 26	Schreiner, Finanz, no. 35
		hyperpyra
1365	2 covers (1 linen and silk,	2 hyperpyra	Ferrari, “Vatican,” 265
	1 Egyptian)
1365	2 linen sheets	2 hyperpyra	Ferrari, “Vatican,” 265
1365	2 pillows	4 hyperpyra	Ferrari, “Vatican,” 265
15th century	2 pillows	5 hyperpyra	Schreiner, Finanz, no. 35
15th century	2 pillows	12 hyperpyra	MM 2:406

continued

93 For the late period, there are some documents from Frankish Cyprus containing very precise information about the furnishings and equipment in one house: J. Richard, “Guy d’Ibelin, O.P., ´eveˆque de Limassol,” BCH 74 (1950): 108–33; idem, “Les comptes” (as above, note 89).

854 MORRISSON AND CHEYNET

Table 15 (continued)

Date	Type of Object	Price	Source
1384	3 cotton pillows	8–18 hyperpyra	Docheiariou, no. 49
14th century	some bolsters (mazela´ ria)	11 ducats	Schreiner, Finanz, no. 3494
1436	Badoer’s furniture:	4 hyperpyra 11	Badoer, 45, 12
	1 cypresswood table,	carats
	2 stools, 1 cathedra
1438	cypresswood cofﬁn	13 hyperpyra	Badoer, 376, 4
1436	3 carpete bianche	3 hyperpyra	Badoer, 47, 20
	(tablecloths ?)
Jewels and Silver Goods
9th century	2 pairs of earrings	10 liters of gold	DAI, 244
1365	2 pairs of earrings and	12 hyperpyra	Ferrari, “Vatican,” 265
	2 rings
1384	earrings (pearls and	48 hyperpyra	Docheiariou, no. 49, l. 27
	precious stones)
1384	pendants (pearls and	36 hyperpyra	Docheiariou, no. 49, ll. 26–7
	precious stones)
15th century	4 pairs of earrings, each	?	Schreiner, Finanz, no. 6, § 27
	weighing 4 exagia
9th century	silver table decorated with	10 liters of gold	DAI, 244
	gilt animals
1022	silver bracelet	2 gold pieces	Mastaura, 124
1022	2 bracelets (weight 18 sicla)	2 gold pieces	Mastaura, 124
1098	gold bracelet weighing	?	Iviron, 2: no. 47
	2 liters and 12 exagia
1365	silver bracelets (19 exagia)	4 hyperpyra	Ferrari, “Vatican,” 265
15th century	pendants	150 hyperpyra	MM 2:559
1098	a medallion (enkolpion) of 24	?	Iviron, 2: no. 47
	exagia
late 11th century	silver cup of 60 exagia	?	Iviron, 2: Synodikon, 7, no.
			115
1096	silver cup	130 staters	Alexiade, 2: 220
1300	silver cup with 37 nebrites	13 hyperpyra	Pizolo, no. 648
1314	silver-gilt belt	8 hyperpyra	Chilandar, no. 27
1364	silver belt	18 hyperpyra	Santschi, Cre`te, no. 14
1366	belt	300 hyperpyra	Vatopedi, ed. Mosˇin, no. 1

continued

94 Also to be found are silk coverlets for a price of 10–16 ducats, 4 pairs of sheets worth 16 ducats, and mattresses (strw´ mata) at 10 ducats (gold or silver ?).

	Prices and Wages in the Byzantine World			855
	Table 15
	(continued)

Date	Type of Object	Price	Source
1370	2 silver belts (together	61 hyperpyra	Santschi, Cre`te, no. 188
	491⁄2 uncie)
14th–15th	belt	4 nomismata	Schreiner, Finanz, no. 75
centuries
15th century	“Frankish” belt	50 hyperpyra	MM 2:419
15th century	belt weighing 8 uncie	?	Schreiner, Finanz, no. 6, § 27
	(213 g)
1368	ring with diamond	40 hyperpyra	Santschi, Cre`te, no. 91
14th century	one balas ruby	1,522 hyperpyra	Thiriet, Re´gestes, 1: no.
			141095
15th century	a collar	90 hyperpyra	MM 2:563
1314	2 gold rings of 4 exagia	?	Chilandar, no. 27
1384	6 rings	10 hyperpyra	Docheiariou, no. 49
15th century	2 gold rings weighing 4	?	Schreiner, Finanz, no. 6, § 27
	exagia
14th–15th	one ring	2 nomismata	Schreiner, Finanz, no. 75
centuries		19 kokkia
1436	5 silver spoons weighing 4	10 hyperpyra 12	Badoer, 13, 20
	ounces 6 solidi at 28	carats
	hyperpyra per pound
1436	8 silver spoons weighing 6	17 hyperpyra 2	Badoer, 44, 2
	ounces 5 solidi at 30	carats
	hyperpyra per pound
1437	2 small cups and 2 spoons	25 hyperpyra	Badoer, 300, 19–21
Icons and Liturgical Objects
514–523	gold paten weighing 5	360 nomismata	LP, 1:27197
	pounds96

continued

95T. Bertele`, “I gioielli della corona bizantina dato in pegno alla Repubblica Veneta nel secolo XIV e Mastino II della Scala,” in Studi in onore di Amintore Fanfani, 6 vols. (Milan, 1962), 2:89–177. The crown jewels were pawned to Venice for the sum of 33,000 ducats in 1343. Constantine XI also pawned a ruby for 9,000 hyperpyra (ibid., 138).

96Justin I presented Pope Hormisdas with a paten decorated with hyacinths, and many other precious objects.

97As we know, the Liber Pontiﬁcalis provides an impressive list of gifts presented by Constantine and his successors and various popes to the churches of Rome, thereby supplying their liturgical equipment, and also itemizes the nature and weight of the metal involved. See the commentary by M. Mundell Mango, “The Monetary Value of Silver Revetments and Objects Belonging to Churches,

A.D. 300–700,” in Ecclesiastical Silver Plate in Sixth-Century Byzantium, ed. S. A. Boyd and M. M. Mango

(Washington, D.C., 1992), 123–36.

856 MORRISSON AND CHEYNET

Table 15 (continued)

Date	Type of Object	Price	Source
523–526	gold paten weighing 20	1,440 nomismata	LP, 1:272
	pounds
523–526	gold chalice weighing 5	360 nomismata	LP, 1:272
	pounds
625–638	revetments and chandeliers	1,224 pounds of	LP, 1:323
	for St. Peter’s	silver
687–701	cross (with emeralds)	20 pounds	LP, 1:37598
687–701	gold chalice of 20 pounds	1,440 nomismata	LP, 1:375
1143	lamp of 20 gold pounds	1,440 hyperpyra	Kinnamos, 25
	(Holy Sepulcher)
late 13th century	2 candlesticks	1,000 hyperpyra99	Delehaye, Typika, 94–95
late 13th century	chandelier	5 pounds of silver	Delehaye, Typika, 95
11th century	gilt icon	30 nomismata	Petrucci, Codice diplomatico,
			no. 76
early 13th century	icon	7 nomismata	Chomatianos, no. 84
1384	7 icons	2–7 hyperpyra	Docheiariou, no. 49
14th century	one icon at 24 uncie of	24 hyperpyra	Lavra, 3: no. 147, l. 3
	ducats
14th–15th	2 icons and 4 books	78 hyperpyra	Schreiner, Finanz, no. 36
centuries
15th century	icon	10 hyperpyra	MM 2:504

Garments, Jewels, and Icons

We have assembled here everything of value from a couple’s possessions. Our knowledge is very limited, given that there are no inventories containing estimates of goods, apart from a few documents that are more detailed: one marriage contract involving Jews of Mastaura on the Meander dated 1022; the inventory of a minor’s possessions at the beginning of the thirteenth century; a dowry preserved in a Vatican manuscript; the inventory of the reconstituted dowry of a widow named Maria Deblitzene (1384), and a marriage contract from the ﬁfteenth century. Except for the third document, which concerns the Thracian aristocracy, these sources relate to ordinary citizens.

In 1022, each item of the wife’s property, her luxury vessels, dresses, veil, coverlet, rings, and earrings, was valued at between half and two gold pieces. In 1384, the possessions that reverted to Maria Deblitzene were not fundamentally different, with the

98The gift to St. Peter’s in Rome also included a silver dais weighing 120 pounds and six silver lamps weighing 170 pounds.

99Two others for 500 hyperpyra.

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