• securing waste;

• separating employee functions;

• Implementing passwords, internal controls, audit checks.

3. Cryptography.

4. Copy protection;

5. What are computer viruses and how do they differ?

6. What makes a perfect virus?

7. A day in the life of the virus hunter.

8. Professional ethical behavior.

Essay Selection for Reading as a Stimulus for Writing

WHOM TO BLAME AND WHAT TO DO?

As computing and communications become irreplaceable tools of mod­em society, one fundamental principle emerges: the greater the benefits these systems bring to our well-being and quality of life, the greater the potential for harm when they fail to perform their functions or perform them incorrectly. Consider air, rail, and automobile traffic control; emer­gency response systems, and, most of all, our rapidly growing dependence on health care delivery via high-performance computing and communica­tions. When these systems fail, lives and fortunes may be lost.

At the same time, threats to dependable operations are growing in scope and severity. Leftover design faults (bugs and glitches) cause system crashes during peak demands, resulting in service disruptions and financial losses. Computer systems suffer stability problems due to unforeseen interactions of overlapping fault events and mismatched defense mechanisms.

Hackers and criminally minded individuals invade systems, causing disruptions, misuse, and damage accidents that result in breaking several communications links, affecting entire regions. Finally, we face the possi­bility of systems damage by “info terrorists ”.

Fault tolerance is our best guarantee that high confidence systems will not betray the intentions of their builders and the trust of their users by succumbing to physical, design or human-machine interaction faults, or by 'allowing viruses and malicious acts to disrupt essential services.

As the computing sciences move rapidly toward “professionalization ”, the new topic must be incorporated into the curriculum — ethics, i.e. professional ethical behavior. Computer professionals are experts in their field with up-to-date knowledge that they can effectively and consequently apply in product development. They are also responsible to the product’s users and must understand the effects of their decisions and actions on the public at large.

Professionals are responsible for designing and developing products, which avoid failures that might lead to losses, cause physical harm, or compromise national or company security. With so much info flowing across the Internet and because of the rising popularity of applets and similar modular applications, it is vital for the professionals to take responsibility in maintaining high standards for the products they develop.

Unit VII. Virtual Reality

Prereading Discussion

1. What developments in computer technology have changed the way people live and work?

2. How have some home entertainments such as television, video re­corders, and video games affected people’s life?

3. How will further advances in computer technology continue to change the world?

4. It has been said that technology is a double-edged sword. What does that statement mean?

5. What is virtual reality?

6. Who can use virtual reality?

7. How can virtual reality benefit society?

8. How can virtual reality harm society?

9. Which uses of virtual reality appeal to you most?

Reading Analysis